Publikasjoner
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2015
Sammendrag
© The Author(s) 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Forfattere
Ellen J. Van Loo Vincenzina Caputo Rodolfo M. Jr. Nayga Han-Seok Seo Baoyue Zhang Wim VerbekeSammendrag
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Forfattere
Georgia S. Papoutsi Rodolfo M. Jr. Nayga Panagiotis Lazaridis Andreas C. DrichoutisSammendrag
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Forfattere
Siv Aarnes Ida Marie Luna Fløystad Julia Schregel Ole Petter Laksforsmo Vindstad Jane Uhd Jepsen Hans Geir Eiken Rolf Anker Ims Snorre HagenSammendrag
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Forfattere
Gisela Lüscher Philippe Jeanneret Manuel K. Schneider Andrew Hector Michaela Arndorfer Katalin Balázs András Báldi Debra Bailey Jean-Philippe Choisis Peter Dennis Sebastian Eiter Zoltán Elek Wendy Fjellstad Phillipa K. Gillingham Maximilian Kainz Anikó Kovács-Hostyánszki Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen Maurizio Guido Paoletti Susanne Papaja-Hülsbergen Jean-Pierre Sarthou Norman Siebrecht Sebastian Wolfrum Felix HerzogSammendrag
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Sammendrag
In the context of reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, chemical absorption with amines is emerging as the most advanced technology for post-combustion CO2 capture from exhaust gases of fossil fuel power plants. Despite amine solvent recycling during the capture process, degradation products are formed and released into the environment, among them aliphatic nitramines, for which the environmental impact is unknown. In this study, we determined the acute and chronic toxicity of two nitramines identified as important transformation products of amine-based carbon capture, dimethylnitramine and ethanolnitramine, using a multi-trophic suite of bioassays. The results were then used to produce the first environmental risk assessment for the marine ecosystem. In addition, the in vivo genotoxicity of nitramines was studied by adapting the comet assay to cells from experimentally exposed fish. Overall, based on the whole organism bioassays, the toxicity of both nitramines was considered to be low. The most sensitive response to both compounds was found in oysters, and dimethylnitramine was consistently more toxic than ethanolnitramine in all bioassays. The Predicted No Effect Concentrations for dimethylnitramine and ethanolnitramine were 0.08 and 0.18 mg/L, respectively. The genotoxicity assessment revealed contrasting results to the whole organism bioassays, with ethanolnitramine found to be more genotoxic than dimethylnitramine by three orders of magnitude. At the lowest ethanolnitramine concentration (1 mg/L), 84% DNA damage was observed, whereas 100 mg/L dimethylnitramine was required to cause 37% DNA damage. The mechanisms of genotoxicity were also shown to differ between the two compounds, with oxidation of the DNA bases responsible for over 90% of the genotoxicity of dimethylnitramine, whereas DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites were responsible for over 90% of the genotoxicity of ethanolnitramine. Fish exposed to > 3 mg/L ethanolnitramine had virtually no DNA left in their red blood cells.
Forfattere
Bruce Talbot Karl Stampfer Rien VisserSammendrag
An assessment of the benefits of a fully integrated yarder-processor was made against the alternative of splitting the yarding and processing functions onto two base machines. The effect of productivity rates, specific costs, and crew sizes on the relative performance of each working configuration was investigated. The systems analysis showed that for the integrated yarder machine, a two-man crew was considerably cheaper than a three-man crew at all yarding distances, although the difference became less pronounced with increasing mean tree volumes. The single integrated machine with a 2-man crew was cheaper than the modelled 2-machine system at medium and longer extraction distances, as the processor base machine in the 2-machine systems incurred a considerable cost penalty in waiting idly for the yarder. At shorter distances (75 m) the 2-machine system was cheapest, but became less competitive with increasing mean tree volume. For mid-sized trees (0.38 m3) on a medium corridor length of 150 m, overall system productivity rates ranged from 5.2 m3 per productive system hour (PSH) for the single machine system to 9.4 PSH−1 for the 2-machine system, although the specific net costs were almost identical at 31.5 € m−3. A sensitivity analysis showed that reduced labour costs would promote use of the 2-machine system, suggesting that the optimum system configuration would be country specific. Despite being marginally more costly in small trees at short corridor lengths (75 m), the single fully-integrated machine was considered the working configuration of choice under Norwegian conditions.