Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2013
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Hugo Storm Klaus MittenzweiSammendrag
The aim of the paper is to explore what roll policy plays for farmer’s exit/survival decision. We aim in particular to explore the importance of the total farm income as well as the on-farm wage rate for farm exit. Both the total income well as the on-farm wage rate is heavily influenced by agricultural support. A common believe which is often brought forward by the farmers lobby is that an increase in agricultural support can decrease farm exit rates. We aim to analyse this claim empirically by using data of all farms for the period 1999 to 2009. Our findings show that the absolute size of farms is most important in explaining farm exits. Larger farms have a substantially lower probability to exit than smaller farms. The on-farm wage rate or changes in it are less relevant. Farms seem to need a given size in order to generate a sufficient income for the farmer. In the long run, policy can influence farm size and a farm’s income potential. Our results therefore support in some way the common believe that an increase in support decreases the number of farm exiting. However, we see two problems that need to be considered in this respect. First our findings indicate that the changes is support needs to be rather drastic in order to meaningfully reduce farm exist. We calculate for the period 1999 to 2009 that total support would have need to be approximated 47% (or around 5 billion nkr) higher in order to reduce the yearly exit rate by around 1 percentage point. It is a question if society is willing to pay huge increase in agricultural spending if the effects on farm structural change are rather moderate. In addition we see a more fundamental problem. If support is increase drastically it is likely that the increased income opportunities in agriculture are mirrored by increases in land values. If farmers can earn more in agriculture there might be willing to pay more for agricultural land, if land is scarce this will lead in the long run to an increase in land values. This in turn increases the attractiveness for giving up the farm and renting out or selling the land. Therefore, exits rates might even be less affected by changes in direct payments as our calculations indicate. There is much we do not yet understand. Farms close down despite of favourable income expectations or relatively large farm sizes. Farmers do not seem to make their decisions out of pure economic considerations. Personal preferences for farming as a lifestyle, family ties, local infrastructure, networks, and employment opportunities may add to the explanation of structural change. But our findings suggest that a continuation of the current policy or even a rather strong increase in support is not likely to fundamentally change the current pattern of structural change in Norwegian agriculture.
Forfattere
Steffen Adler Annette Veberg Dahl Søren Krogh Jensen Erling Thuen Anne-Maj Gustavsson Håvard SteinshamnSammendrag
Previous research has shown that grazing pastures compared to feeding preserved forages has large impact on milk fatty acid (FA) composition, but differences between grazing red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) or white clover (Trifolium repens L.) are small, whereas the herbage proportions of dicotyledon botanical families is positively correlated with the milk-fat proportions of total polyunsaturated FA when grazing pastures in the Alps. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of botanically different pastures on bovine milk composition and milk susceptibility to oxidation. Two groups of 8 multiparous Norwegian Red dairy cows [mean (standard deviation); 599 (45.1)kg body weight, 73 (15.0)d in milk, 29.9 (2.90)kg milk/d at experiment start] grazed either a short-term pasture (SP) or a long-term pasture (LP). Both pastures were organically managed, meaning that no artificial fertilizers or herbicides were applied. The SP was representative for pastures, which are frequently, i.e. at least every third year, renewed by soil tillage and seeding, whereas LP was representative for pastures, which are less frequently renewed. The SP contained mainly meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and red clover and LP contained smooth meadow grass (Poa pratensis L.), white clover and a variety of unsown species. Sixteen cows were blocked according to milk yield, days in milk and sire, and randomly within block allocated to the 2 dietary treatments with a daily pasture allowance of 15–20kg dry matter per cow, supplemented with 3.0kg barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) concentrate. Milk was sampled during the last week of 3 experimental periods and analysed for FA composition by gas chromatography, concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins by high performance liquid chromatography, and oxidative stability in a light-exposure experiment by measuring the formation of hydroperoxides and by front-face fluorescence spectroscopy. Pasture type had no effect on milk yield, milk gross composition, and only minor effects on milk FA composition. Milk from SP had higher concentration of α-tocopherol than LP. The formation of hydroperoxides in milk was lower for SP than LP after 24h light exposure, but no differences were found after 48h. Front-face fluorescence spectroscopy revealed slightly higher formation of components in the area of 409–480nm wavelength for SP than LP, which may be related to milk-lipid oxidation. The experimental pastures differed mainly in herbage proportions of red clover and white clover and less in proportions of non-legume dicotyledons. This explains small differences in milk FA composition and milk susceptibility to oxidation.
Forfattere
Maria Björkman Ishita Ahuja Annette Folkedal Schjøll Nicole van Dam Atle M. Bones Richard MeadowSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Maria Björkman Ishita Ahuja Annette Folkedal Schjøll Nicole Van Dam Atle M. Bones Richard MeadowSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Annette Folkedal Schjøll Maria BjørkmanSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Eldrid Lein MoltebergSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Eldrid Lein MoltebergSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Gunnar EnganSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Liv Ostrem Margarita Novoa Garrido Arild LarsenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag