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Overvåkingsprogrammet i 2022 omfattet undersøkelse for tilstedeværelse av furuvednematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) i hogstavfall fra furu og i furubukker av slekten Monochamus. I OK-programmets delaktivitet som omfattet kartlegging av furuvednematode i hogstavfall, ble det tatt 401 flisprøver fra hogstavfall og vindfall av furu (Pinus sylvestris) som hadde tegn på angrep av furubukker i slekten Monochamus. Prøvene ble tatt i Innlandet, Vestfold og Telemark, og Viken. Flisprøvene ble inkubert ved +25°C i to uker før nematoder ble ekstrahert med Baermann-trakt og undersøkt i mikroskop. Furuvednematoden B. xylophilus ble ikke påvist, men den naturlig forekommende arten Bursaphelenchus mucronatus kolymensis ble oppdaget i 16 flisprøver. Siden overvåkingen av furuvednematode startet i 2000, har alle de analyserte flisprøvene, totalt 8924, vært negative for furuvednematode. I OK-programmets delaktivitet som omfattet kartlegging av furuvednematode i furubukker, ble feller med attraktanter for fangst av voksne, flygende furubukker satt opp i Agder, Telemark, Viken (Østfold og Akershus), Hedmark og Trøndelag. Billene ble kuttet i biter og ekstrahert med en modifisert Baermann-trakt. Suspensjonen fra ekstraksjonene ble undersøkt i mikroskop for forekomst av Bursaphelenchus spp. Ingen furuvednematoder ble påvist i de 54 undersøkte billene. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus kolymensis ble ikke heller oppdaget.

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Key words: VKM, pest risk analysis, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, Sudden oak death, Phytophthora ramorum Introduction The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has asked the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment for an updated pest risk assessment of Phytophthora ramorum in Norway. The previous risk assessment of P. ramorum for Norway is from 2009. Since then, the pathogen has been detected repeatedly in Norway, primarily in parks, garden centres, and nurseries in southwestern Norway. The knowledge base concerning P. ramorum has changed since the last pest risk assessment, with increased genetic knowledge about different populations, lineages, and mating types. The risks associated with P. ramorum have also changed, since the disease has become epidemic in new host plants, such as larch trees in England. This updated pest risk assessment will provide important input to the Norwegian Food Safety Authority’s efforts to develop the Norwegian plant health regulation. Methods VKM established a project group with expertise in plant health, forest pathology, horticultural plant pathology, plant disease modelling, and pest risk assessment. The group conducted systematic literature searches and scrutinized the relevant literature. In the absence of Norwegian studies, VKM relied on literature from other countries. The group did a quantitative risk assessment describing the level of confidence in the conclusions and identifying uncertainties and data gaps. The report underwent pre-submission commenting and external expert reviewing before final approval and publication. Results and conclusions Phytophthora ramorum is present in the PRA area but has a restricted distribution, mainly being detected in the southern and southwestern parts of Norway. The only P. ramorum lineage considered to be present in Norway is EU1 with mating type A1. The other lineage in Europe, EU2, has so far mainly been documented from the UK. The most widely distributed multilocus genotype of P. ramorum in Norway is EU1MLG1, which became dominant in Europe (including Norway) after 2008. In North America, the NA1, NA2, and EU1 lineages are known from both nurseries and forests. NA1 and NA2 are of the opposite mating type (A2) than European lineages. Recently, various other lineages of P. ramorum have been described from Asia. The main risks for future problems with P. ramorum in Norway are related to entry and establishment of non-European isolates (of all lineages), as well as emergence of new genotypes in European P. ramorum populations. There are several options for diagnosing P. ramorum to species and lineage (mainly EU1, EU2, NA1, and NA2). From a management perspective it is more important to distinguish these entities than mating type and isolate groups (genotypes). The latter are mainly relevant for research purposes or in cases of unexpected disease developments, such as new hosts, increased spread or more severe symptoms on known hosts. However, for more detailed regulation, monitoring, and management of P. ramorum it could also be useful to test for genotypes, i.e. to distinguish EU1MLG1 from other genotypes. Rhododendron remains the most important host plant for P. ramorum in Norway, both in terms of imported plants and detections (mainly in nurseries, garden centres, and public parks). Species in other ornamental plant genera, such as Viburnum, Pieris, and Kalmia, are also listed as major hosts in Europe, and P. ramorum has been detected at least once on species in all these genera in Norway. In the US, Rhododendron, Viburnum, Pieris, Syringa, and Camellia are considered to be the main ornamental hosts. .....................

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Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, Norwegian Environment Agency, Biowaste, Compost, Plant health, organic waste, Phytosanitary safety, Biogas, Alien organisms Introduction The Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and the Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA) have jointly asked the Norwegian Scientific Committee for food and environment for an assessment into treatment methods and validation methods for compost and digestate based on organic waste in relation to plant health and the spread of harmful alien organisms in Norway.  The Norwegian Food Safety Authority will use the report in its supervisory work over companies that produce compost and digestate. The assessment will also provide important input for the regulatory development of several current regulations including regulations on indicator organisms that are used to validate new methods and ensure adequate security with regards to the survival of plant pests. The Norwegian Environment Agency wants to establish whether the methods used in the composting of garden waste and other types of plant waste today are able to ensure that the finished product does not become a source for the spread of harmful alien organisms. This will form the basis for the Norwegian Environment Agency’s guidelines relating to the precautionary provisions in the regulation on alien organisms. This request is limited to an assessment of plant pests and harmful alien organisms (hereinafter alien organisms). The survival of infectious diseases harmful to people and animals is considered in separate assessments. Methods We have conducted initiating workshops for identifying relevant fundamental processes and parameters, of relevant organisms and of relevant search terms for the literature surveys, as well as for discussion and validation. Visits to composting facilities and contact with stakeholders in Norway were also conducted. This information was further implemented in an extensive literature search. This assessment include/encompass organic waste and other materials that are currently treated in biogas and composting facilities, including garden and park waste (incl. soil), plant waste from garden centres, etc., food waste and waste from the food and animal feed industry (including grain/seed husks and waste from enterprises which package and process potatoes and vegetables), manure, bulking agents used in composting facilities, and husks from contracted grain/seed cleaners for sowing. We have used a quantitative risk assessment. The level of confidence in the risk assessment is described, and uncertainties and data gaps identified. Furthermore, we have used re-submission commenting and external expert reviewing before final approval and publication. ...........

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A new stubby-root nematode belonging to the Trichodorus sparsus complex was found in association with serious damage to Hill’s Yew hedges (Taxus x media ´Hillii´) in Oslo in 2017, characterised by chlorosis, wilting and loss of needles. T. hellalae n. sp. is about 800 μm long with medium-sized onchiostyle (55 μm, average), characterized in male by two ventromedian cervical papillae located beyond the onchiostyle region and with the secretory excretory pore (SE-pore) in between, in most type specimens, three ventromedian precloacal supplements with the posteriormost one opposite the anterior end of spicule manubrium and spicules 40 μm long (average) with widened manubrium, gradually tapered to a narrower blade without ornamentation of striae or bristles, but showing a minor indentation at level of posterior border of capsule of suspensor muscles. Gubernaculum with thickened keel-like posterior end and a thickened refractive anterior border. Females are characterised by a short pear-shaped vagina, less than 1/3rd of corresponding body width and very small rounded triangular vaginal sclerotized pieces in longitudinal optical section and vulva pore-like in ventral view; on each body side one sublateral body pore at about 3.5 body width anterior to vulva and one postadvulvar body pore. According to D2-D3 analyses, the Trichodorus hellalae n. sp. sequences are embedded in a maximally supported clade with several T. variabilis lineages. However, morphological and molecular species delimitation both support Trichodorus hellalae n. sp. as being a new species. Therefore, T. variabilis now appears to in fact consists of several cryptic species.

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In 2018–2019, establishment problems were encountered, after reseeding creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) on a sand-based putting green after ice encasement at the NIBIO Turfgrass Research Center, Norway. Seeds germinated, but the seedlings attained a purple color and died in large patches. Replacement of the top 3 cm layer with new sand amended with Sphagnum peat or garden compost did not solve the problem. To explain this phenomenon, we (1) analyzed the original substrate for nematodes in patches with and without reestablishment failure; and (2) conducted a factorial pot trial with creeping bentgrass and Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. commutata) seeded on different substrates, some of them in layers, and with and without phosphorus (P) fertilization. The nematode counts showed six times more stubby-root nematodes and two times more spiral nematodes and needle nematodes in the patches with dead seedlings than in the patches with healthy seedings. In the pot trial, the fastest and slowest reestablishment was observed with new sand amended with garden compost and in the two treatments that included the original substrate, respectively. Replacement of the top 3 cm of the old substrate with new garden compost resulted in stagnation of bentgrass seedlings from four weeks after seeding, while fescue seedlings were unaffected. We conclude that the failure to reestablish creeping bentgrass was primarily due to nematodes, which are likely to be more critical for seedlings than for established turf. The green was later reestablished successfully with a 100 % red fescue seed blend.

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Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, Nematodes, Phasmarhabditis californica, Moraxella osloensis. Parasitic nematodes and associated bacteria are increasingly being used for biocontrol of molluscs. Functionally, it is the bacteria that kill and thus control the targeted pests, but the function of the bacteria is dependent on the nematodes, which should be regarded as vectors of biocontrol. Although the nematodes and the bacteria have a symbiotic relationship within such biocontrol formulations, it should be noted that they are not dependent on each other in the wild, but can establish separate populations which can be free-living or hosted by other organisms. The biocontrol product Nemaslug 2.0 contains the nematode Phasmarhabditis californica (strain P19D) and the bacterial symbiont Moraxella osloensis (unknown strain). The nematode was first described in 2016 and has never been reported in Norway. The lack of reports suggests that it is absent from Norway, but this conclusion comes with a high degree of uncertainty since there have been limited search efforts. The climatic thresholds of the nematode are not known, but its current distribution, spanning widely varying climates, suggests that it could survive and establish in Norway. Natural spread from currently known areas of establishment to natural habitats in Norway is ruled out due to the nematode’s limited dispersal capacity. However, human-assisted spread (e.g. via the use of biocontrol products) and establishment would be likely if Nemaslug 2.0 is allowed for use in open fields in Norway. Use of Nemaslug 2.0 in greenhouses and other enclosed areas is not likely to facilitate spread to natural habitats in Norway provided that residues are properly handled. However, deposition of product residues from greenhouses to outdoor areas may result in local establishment of the nematode in the vicinity of the deposition. Phasmarhabditis californica has a broad host range and may parasitize both rare/endangered and common mollusc species. However, there is no scientific evidence suggesting that the nematode can affect natural populations of molluscs in wild habitats, or otherwise have negative effects on biodiversity. The nematodes’ association with the bacteria Moraxella osloensis is most likely lost, or at least weakened, in natural habitats, suggesting that the nematode becomes less capable of killing its hosts in the wild. Phasmarhabditis californica is not capable of harming or infecting humans. The bacterial species Moraxella osloensis is already present in Norway in a few locations and at a low abundance, and it may be native to Norway. Little is known regarding its distribution in natural environments, but the literature shows that it can infect humans and other mammals. In humans with immunodeficiency or other comorbidities, M. osloensis can cause meningitis, vaginitis, sinusitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, and septic arthritis. The risk of infection in people handling Nemaslug 2.0 can probably be substantially reduced by protective clothing and appropriate handling. We are not aware of any reported health issues arising from use of the previous version of Nemaslug, which also contains M. osloensis. Different strains of M. osloensis are known to vary in their sensitivity to antibiotics, and likely in other traits too. Thus, the lack of information provided about the strain identity and specific characteristics of the strain used in Nemaslug 2.0 generates a high degree of uncertainty regarding its pathogenicity, climate tolerance, sensitivity to antibiotics etc.

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1. Due to globalisation, trade and transport, the spread of alien species is increasing dramatically. Some alien species become ecologically harmful by threatening native biota. This can lead to irreversible changes in local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and, ultimately, to biotic homogenisation. 2. We risk-assessed all alien plants, animals, fungi and algae, within certain delimitations, that are known to reproduce in Norway. Mainland Norway and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard plus Jan Mayen were treated as separate assessment areas. Assessments followed the Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species (GEIAA) protocol, which uses a fully quantitative set of criteria. 3. A total of 1519 species were risk-assessed, of which 1183 were species reproducing in mainland Norway. Among these, 9% were assessed to have a severe impact, 7% high impact, 7% potentially high impact, and 49% low impact, whereas 29% had no known impact. In Svalbard, 16 alien species were reproducing, one of which with a severe impact. 4. The impact assessments also covered 319 so-called door-knockers, i.e. species that are likely to establish in Norway within 50 years, and 12 regionally alien species. Of the door-knockers, 8% and 10% were assessed to have a severe and high impact, respectively. 5. The impact category of most species was driven by negative interactions with native species, transformation of threatened ecosystems, or genetic contamination. The proportion of alien species with high or severe impact varied significantly across the different pathways of introduction, taxonomic groups, time of introduction, and the environments colonised, but not across continents of origin. 6. Given the large number of alien species reproducing in Norway and the preponderance of species with low impact, it is neither realistic nor necessary to eradicate all of them. Our results can guide management authorities in two ways. First, the use of quantitative assessment criteria facilitates the prioritisation of management resources across species. Second, the background information collected for each species, such as introduction pathways, area of occupancy and ecosystems affected, helps designing appropriate management measures.

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Formålet med forprosjektet VitalEPLEJORD var å studere potensielle årsaker til jordtrøtthet i epleproduksjonen, et fenomen som kan oppstå dersom det ikke praktiseres vekstskifte. Jordprøver fra 10 bruk (fem med økologisk og fem med konvensjonell drift) på Øst- og Vestlandet ble undersøkt med tanke på jordkvalitet, nematoder og Phytophthora. Innen hver av de tre kategoriene ble det gjort interessante funn. Både lite fruktbar jord og skadegjørere kan føre til dårlig etablering, svak tilvekst, avlingsreduksjon og at trær i verste fall dør. I de jordkjemiske analysene ble det vist høyere innhold av organisk materiale, totalt nitrogen og plantetilgjengelig fosfor i økologisk enn konvensjonell drift, samt mer stabilt innhold av plantetilgjengelig magnesium, mer stabil pH og mer stabil basemetningsgrad. Det ble identifisert en rekke nematodearter, inkludert flere planteparasittære. Økologisk drift så ut til å kunne øke bakteriekonsumerende nematoder, minske rotkonsumerende nematoder og øke altetere. Innen Phytophthora ble det funnet fire arter der alle er rapportert som alvorlige skadegjørere på treaktige vekster både i Norge og andre land. Phytophthora forekom ved begge driftsformer. Antallet jordprøver var totalt 50 (5 samleprøver/bruk, hver samleprøve kom fra separate rader). Testomfanget var for lite til å dra konklusjoner om årsak til jordtrøtthet, men det har gitt verdifull kunnskap til å bygge videre på.

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I 2019 års kartlegging av furuvednematoden Bursaphelenchus xylophilus i Norge ble 400 prøver tatt fra hogstavfall og vindfall av Pinus sylvestris L. med angrep av furubukk Monochamus spp. Prøvene ble tatt ut i Akershus, Buskerud, Østfold, Telemark, Aust-Agder og Vest-Agder. Prøvene som besto av flis ble inkubert ved +25oC i to uker før de ble ekstrahert med Baermanntrakt og undersøkt i mikroskop. Furuvednematoden B. xylophilus ble ikke påvist i prøvene, men den naturlig forekommende arten Bursaphelenchus mucronatus kolymensis ble oppdaget i fire prøver fra Agderfylkene. Feller med feromoner for fangst av furubukk ble satt opp i Hedmark (Elverum, Romedal, Stange og ved Geitholmsjøen), Møre og Romsdal (Kvanne) og Østfold (Fredrikstad og Vestby). I laboratoriet ble billene kuttet i biter og ekstrahert med en modifisert Baermanntrakt. Suspensjonen fra ekstraksjonene ble undersøkt i stereomikroskop for forekomst av infektive stadier av Bursaphelenchus spp.. Ingen nematoder kunne påvises i de 106 undersøkte billene. I perioden 2000 – 2019 er totalt 8123 vedprøver analysert. Flest prøver er tatt i Østfold, fulgt av Hedmark, Telemark, Buskerud og Aust-Agder. I kartleggingen 2019 ble B. mucronatus kolymensis påvist i fire av de 400 vedprøvene, tilsvarende en frekvens på 0,01 (1 %). For hele perioden 2000 - 2019 ble Bursaphelenchus mucronatus kolymensis + B. macromucronatus, oppdaget i 73 av 8123 vedprøver som gir en eteksjonsfrekvens på 0,009 (ca. 1 %). I perioden 2014-2019 har Bursaphelenchus mucronatus kolymensis blitt påvist fem av totalt 581 biller, som gir den samme frekvensen som for vedprøver. B. mucronatus kolymensis og B. macromucronatus likner på B. xylophilus i generell biologi og habitatvalg. Hvis vi antar en hypotetisk frekvens i forekomsten til B. xylophilus som er 100 ganger lavere enn for disse naturlig forekommende nematodene, dvs. 0,00009, kan det antall prøver som trengs for en påvisning av B. xylophilus med 95 % konfidensintervall estimeres til 30 801. Dette indikerer at vi i dag hypotetisk sett har nådd bare 26 % av det antall prøver som trengs for å kunne erklære Norge fri for furuvednematoden B. xylophilus.

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Enset (Ensete ventricosum) is an important starch staple crop, cultivated primarily in south and southwestern Ethiopia. Enset is the main crop of a sustainable indigenous African system that ensures food security in a country that is food deficient. Related to the banana family, enset is similarly affected by plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant-parasitic nematodes impose a huge constraint on agriculture. The distribution, population density and incidence of plant-parasitic nematodes of enset was determined during August 2018. A total of 308 fields were sampled from major enset-growing zones of Ethiopia. Eleven plant-parasitic nematode taxa were identified, with Pratylenchus (lesion nematode) being the most prominent genus present with a prominence value of 1460. It was present in each sample, with a highest mean population density per growing zone of 16 050 (10 g root)−1, although densities as high as 25 000 were observed in fields at higher altitudes in Guraghe (2200-3000 m a.s.l.). This lesion nematode is found in abundance in the cooler mountainous regions. Visible damage on the roots and corms was manifested as dark purple lesions. Using a combination of morphometric and molecular data, all populations were identified as P. goodeyi and similar to populations from Kenya, Uganda and Spain (Tenerife). Differences in population densities amongst cultivars indicate possible resistance of enset to P. goodeyi.

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Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Environment Agency, mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza is a beneficial association between plant roots and fungi. This mutualistic symbiosis is essential for plant growth in most natural terrestrial ecosystems and in agriculture. Commercial mycorrhizal products containing fungi and bacteria may promote plant growth, especially on sites without a natural microbial community. Due to the risk of unintended negative effects, introduction of new species or genetically different isolates of native species should always be considered carefully. This report assesses the risk of establishment and spread of six fungal species and six bacterial species included in different commercial mycorrhizal products, as well as the species’ potential impact on Norwegian biodiversity. Most of the evaluated fungi and bacteria are probably present in Norway, even though presence at present data only exist for two of the six fungal species. Establishment of the assessed fungi on the plants and sites where they are applied is considered moderately likely, with medium uncertainty, while establishment of the bacterial species is considered to range from very unlikely to very likely depending on the bacterial group, with low uncertainty. The probability of spread to the wider environment ranges from unlikely (four fungal species), to moderately likely (two fungal species), to very likely (five of the six bacterial species). However, for all species it is considered unlikely that establishment and spread would have negative effects on other native species, habitats and ecosystems in Norway.

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ANDERcontrol with the predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni as the active organism is sought to be used as a biological control agent in Norway. ANDERcontrol is intended for use against different mites (such as the two-spotted, fruit-tree, and red spider mite, russet mite,cyclamen mite) and in horticultural crops such as fruits, berries, vegetables, and ornamental. VKM’s conclusions are as follows Prevalence, especially if the organism is found naturally in Norway: Amblyseius andersoni has not been observed in Norway. It has been observed, in low numbers, in southern Sweden and has the capability to enter diapause under unfavourable conditions which suggests the potential for establishing under Norwegian conditions. It is however, the view of VKM that it likely lacks the ability to survive and establish in areas with cold winters and chilly summers, as found in most parts of Norway under current climatic conditions. The potential of the organism for establishment and spread under Norwegian conditions specified for use in greenhouses and open field: The thermal preference of A. andersoni restricts its establishment, and the species has not been observed in Norway. The species is capable of entering diapause, but the lack of records, despite targeted surveys, makes it the opinion of VKM that it is unlikely that A. andersoni will be able to establish in outdoor areas in Norway. However, the lack of information on temperature tolerance of the species constitute an uncertainty factor. The risk of spread from greenhouses is low because no wind or vector are likely to carry the mites from the greenhouse to suitable outdoor habitats, and mite populations in greenhouses do not enter the more cold-tolerant diapause. All conclusions are uncertain due to lack of relevant information regarding the species’ climate tolerance. Any ambiguities regarding the taxonomy, which hampers risk assessment: There are no taxonomic challenges related to the assessment of A. andersoni. Assessment of the product and the organism with regard to possible health risk: VKM is unaware of reports where harm to humans by A. andersoni itself, or associated pathogenic organisms have been observed. Mites may however produce allergic reactions in sensitive individuals handling plant material with high numbers of individuals. There is reason to believe that this holds true also for A. andersoni. Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, predatory mite

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The product Limonica, with the predatory mite Amblydromalus limonicus as the active organism, is sought to be used as a biological control agent in Norway. Limonica is intended for use against western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentallis), other thrips (e.g. Thrips tabaci), spider mites and whiteflies (e.g. Trialeurodes, Aleyrodes and Bemisia spp.) in protected horticultural crops such as cucumber, sweet pepper, strawberry and ornamentals. The product is not recommended for greenhouse-grown tomatoes. VKM’s conclusions are as follows Distribution, especially if the organism is found naturally in Norway Amblydromalus limonicus has a very wide natural distribution, being reported from New Zealand, Australia South America, Central America, and North America as well as Hawaii. It has also recently established populations in crop productions and non-crop vegetation in Catalonia, North Eastern Spain. Amblydromalus limonicus have not been observed in Norway. The species seems not to have the capability to enter diapause under unfavourable conditions and it is the view of VKM that it likely lacks the ability to survive and establish in areas with cold winters and chilly summers, as found in most parts of Norway under current climatic conditions. The potential of the organism for establishment and spread under Norwegian conditions specified for use in greenhouses and open field The thermal preference of A. limonicus restricts its establishment, and the species has not been observed outdoors in Norway. As the species is incapable of entering diapause it is the opinion of VKM that it is unlikely that A. limonicus will be able to establish in outdoor areas in Norway. However, the lack of detailed information on temperature tolerance of the species constitutes an uncertainty factor. The risk of spread from greenhouses is low because no wind or vector are likely to carry the mites from the greenhouse to suitable outdoor habitats. However, mites that have escaped from a greenhouses to may spread in the nature. All conclusions are uncertain due to lack of relevant information regarding the species’ climate tolerance. Its origin and current distribution suggest that it cannot survive cold winters. Any ambiguities regarding taxonomy that hamper risk assessment There are no taxonomic challenges related to the assessment of A. limonicus. Assessment of the product and the organism with regard to possible health risks VKM Report 2020: 13 8 VKM is unaware of reports where harm to humans has been observed, whether by A. limonicus itself. Mites may, however, produce allergic reactions in sensitive individuals handling plant material with high numbers of individuals. There is reason to believe that this holds true also for A. limonicus. Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, predatory mite

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Atheta-System with the rove beetle Atheta coriaria (Kraatz 1856) as the active organism is sought to be used as a biocontrol agent for augmentation biological control in Norway. Atheta-System is intended for use against soil dwelling stages of fungus gnats (e.g. Bradysia paupera), shore flies (Scatella stagnalis), and thrips (e.g. Frankliniella occidentallis) in greenhouses, plastic tunnels, and other closed or controlled climate cultivations of horticultural crops, incl. soft-fruit crops, vegetables, ornamentals, and kitchen herbs. VKM’s conclusions are as follows Distribution, especially if the organism is found naturally in Norway Atheta coriaria is established (naturalized) in Norway since 1919 and has been reported numerous times from Agder in the South to Trøndelag in mid-Norway. The potential of the organism for establishment and spread under Norwegian conditions specified for use in greenhouses and open field The thermal thresholds of A. coriaria are not well-studied, but its current distribution in Southern and mid-Scandinavia shows that it tolerates relatively low winter temperatures, and that the Norwegian summer climate allows for successful reproduction. A. coriaria overwinters in the soil, which provides a relatively sheltered environment. Adults disperse rapidly by flying. All life stages can be vectored by humans – mainly by movement of soil and compost material. Thus, further spread northwards in Norway is predicted irrespective of additional introductions. It is unknown if it can enter diapause under greenhouse conditions. Any ambiguities regarding the taxonomy which hamper risk assessment There are no major taxonomic challenges related to the assessment of A. coriaria. Assessment of the product and the organism with regard to possible health risk VKM is unaware of reports of harm inflicted to humans by A. coriaria itself. Atheta-System comes with the cosmopolitan cheese mite (Tyrophagus putrescentiae), serving as food for A. coriaria. As with most mites, T. putrescentiae may induce allergic reactions in sensitive persons handling the product. Key words: VKM, risk assessment, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment, Norwegian Food Safety Authority, biological control, rove beetle

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We present the results of an inventory and status assessment of alien species in Norway. The inventory covered all known multicellular neobiota, 2496 in total, 1039 of which were classified as naturalised. The latter constitute c. 3% of all species known to be stably reproducing in Norway. These figures are higher than expected from Norway’s latitude, which may be due a combination of climatic and historical factors, as well as sampling effort. Most of the naturalised neobiota were plants (71%),followed by animals (21%) and fungi (8%). The main habitat types colonised were open lowlands (79%), urban environments (52%) and woodlands (42%). The main areas of origin were Europe (67%), North America (15%) and Asia (13%). For most taxa, the rate of novel introductions seems to have been increasing during recent decades. Within Norway, the number of alien species recorded per county was negatively correlated with latitude and positively correlated with human population density. In the high-Arctic territories under Norwegian sovereignty, i.e. Svalbard and Jan Mayen, 104 alien species were recorded, of which 5 were naturalised.

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Free-living plant-parasitic nematodes (free-living PPN) appear to be an increasing problem in Norwegian agriculture and their efficient management is required. Methods of efficient nematode management have been sought for personnel involved in farmer’s advisory and among farmers. In order to clarify the nematode situation in different agricultural crops a pilot project for surveying free-living PPN was conducted during the growing seasons 2016 and 2017. The Norwegian Agricultural Extension Service were involved in selecting major crops and selected representative areas for sampling. Complementary to the survey was that the samples should be collected form crops showing symptoms of nematode damage. Nematode damage occurs where large populations of nematoder are present in fields and shows as patches of poor plant growth........

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Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a threat for pine species (Pinus spp.) throughout the world. The nematode is native to North America, and invaded Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan, and more recently Portugal and Spain. PWN enters new areas through trade in wood products. Once established, eradication is not practically feasible. Therefore, preventing entry of PWN into new areas is crucial. Entry risk analysis can assist in targeting management to reduce the probability of entry. Assessing the entry of PWN is challenging due to the complexity of the wood trade and the wood processing chain. In this paper, we develop a pathway model that describes the wood trade and wood processing chain to determine the structure of the entry process. We consider entry of PWN through imported coniferous wood from China, a possible origin of Portuguese populations, to Europe. We show that exposure increased over years due to an increase in imports of sawn wood. From 2000 to 2012, Europe received an estimated 84 PWN propagules from China, 88% of which arose from imported sawn wood and 12% from round wood. The region in Portugal where the PWN was first reported is among those with the highest PWN transfer per unit of imported wood due to a high host cover and vector activity. An estimated 62% of PWN is expected to enter in countries where PWN is not expected to cause the wilt of pine trees because of low summer temperatures (e.g., Belgium, Sweden, Norway). In these countries, PWN is not easily detected, and such countries can thus serve as potential reservoirs of PWN. The model identifies ports and regions with high exposure, which helps targeting monitoring and surveillance, even in areas where wilt disease is not expected to occur. In addition, we show that exposure is most efficiently reduced by additional treatments in the country of origin, and/or import wood from PWN-free zones. Pathway modelling assists plant health managers in analyzing risks along the pathway and planning measures for enhancing biosecurity.

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Kartleggingsprogrammet for 2016 startet i april og sluttet 31. desember 2016. Programmet omfattet potetprodusenter som hadde dyrket poteter i 2015 og søkt om produksjonstilskudd for slik produksjon. Prøveuttaket foregikk delvis i felt hvor det var dyrket poteter i 2015. I tillegg ble det tatt prøver fra sorteringsjord i mottaksvirksomheter. I 2016 det ble undersøkt totalt 34 jordprøver i programmet. Kartleggingsprogrammet omfattet fylkene Møre og Romsdal (22 jordprøver fra mottaksvirksomheter), Nordland (10 jordprøver fra felt), Troms (2 jordprøver fra felt). Det ble ikke funnet PCN i prøvene fra Møre og Romsdal, Nordland og Troms. I kartleggings program for 2014, 2015 og 2016 det ble ikke funnet PCN i prøvene fra Norland, Troms og Finnmark fylkene. Dette viser at Nordland Troms og Finnmark fylkene er så langt fri for potetcystenematoder, og dette antyder at PCN ikke finnes i nordlige områder med potet produksjon. Fra 2009 til 2016 ble det analysert 18846 jordprøver, (13951 fra felt, og 4895 fra mottaksvirksomheter), i 17817 prøver PCN ble ikke funnet. Potetcystenematoder ble funnet i 995 jordprøver som representerer 5,2 % av totalet. I kartleggingsprogrammet for 2009 - 2016 hvit PCN (Globodera pallida) ble funnet i 92 prøver. I disse 92 prøver, blanding av G. rostochiensis og G.pallida ble funnet i 73 prøver. Dette kan indikere at tiltak som er satt i verk for å begrense spredningen har hatt effekt. Siden 1955 lovregulering for PCN har som målsetning å hindre introduksjon og spredning av PCN med jord og plantemateriale, samt å sikre et kontrollert bruk av resistente potetsorter for å unngå resistensbryting. PCN-Forskriftene har også gjort det mulig å unngå bruken av kjemiske fumiganter, organofosfater eller karbamater (nematicider). Nematicider har ikke vært brukt i potetproduksjon i Norge

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Skogens helsetilstand påvirkes i stor grad av klima og værforhold, enten direkte ved tørke, frost og vind, eller indirekte ved at klimaet påvirker omfanget av soppsykdommer og insektangrep. Klimaendringene og den forventede økningen i klimarelaterte skogskader gir store utfordringer for forvaltningen av framtidas skogressurser. Det samme gjør invaderende skadegjørere, både allerede etablerte arter og nye som kan komme til Norge som følge av økt handel og import. Eksempler på begge er omtalt i denne rapporten som presenterer resultater fra skogskadeovervåkingen i Norge i 2016........

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Nematodes as limiting factors in potato production in Norway Plant parasitic nematodes associated with potato feeds on roots and/or tubers. At least 68 species, representing 24 genera of have been found associated with potato. Since nematodes generally attack underground plant parts, there are no reliable foliar symptoms to show that nematodes may be the major cause of poor growth and reduced tuber yields. Potato roots damaged by nematodes may show the presence of lesions, females/cysts or galls. After a few weeks, however, roots may be attacked by other pathogens such as bacteria and fungi, and the original damage by nematodes may not be obvious. Therefore, nematode damage often may have been attributed to other factors. There are no estimations for potatoes yield losses in Scandinavia due to nematodes, however, in the United Kingdom, it is estimated that 9 % of the potato crop is lost annually because of the potato cyst nematodes (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, and it is reasonable to assume that this percentage is also applicable to Scandinavia. However, if we consider the possible additional effects of other nematode species occurring in Norway, yield reductions could be as high as 20%. Besides direct yield losses, some nematodes affect tuber quality. Yield losses depend on the pathogenicity of the species of nematode, the nematode population density at planting, the susceptibility and tolerance of the host and by a range of environmental factors. In Norway, potato cyst nematodes (G. rostochiensis and G. pallida) are by far the most important nematodes in potato. Other important nematodes include root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.), stubby root nematodes (Trichodorus spp. and Paratrichodorus spp.) and stem and tuber nematodes (Ditylenchus spp.). Nematodes considered less important include root knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) and needle nematodes (Longidorus spp.). In Norway, potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) are quarantine pests subjected to regulations. PCN infestations result in costly production systems and loss in sales value of farms. Their occurrences restrict acreage available for potato production as in some cases legislative regulations forbid potato production or make the production more difficult and more expensive. Furthermore societal consequences by far exceed yield losses. It is also compulsory to sample the soil for seed potato production to document freedom from PCN. When PCN is present in the field complete eradication is not possible. Effective management requires reliable information on virulence, decline rates of population densities and infectivity in soil. It is also crucial to know what conditions or practices increase these decline rates. Today in Norway, non-virulent G. rostochiensis is managed by crop rotation, while infestations by G. pallida or virulent G. rostochiensis pathotypes capable of breaking the resistance in potato cultivars in current use results in a 40-years prohibition for growing potato in the infected field. Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) cause damage to the roots and induce scabby to sunken lesions on tubers. Stubby root nematodes (Trichodorus spp. and Paratrichodorus are nematode vectors of Tobacco Rattle Virus they causes the symptom called “Spraing” in tubers. Occasionally stem and tuber nematodes (Ditylenchus spp.), have been reported as problems both in field and storage, especially when weeds are not well controlled. Management strategies aim to prevent nematode multiplication and hence protect the potato crop from damage. An efficient method of controlling nematodes as Ditylenchus spp. and root-lesion nematodes is black fallow, but this may be difficult to achieve in many cases.

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Plant parasitic nematodes associated with potato feed on roots and/or tubers. About 70 species, representing 24 genera, have been reported from potato. Since nematodes attack underground plant parts, there are no reliable foliar symptoms to show that nematodes may be the major cause of poor growth and reduced tuber yields. Potato roots damaged by nematodes may show lesions, abnormal proliferation of lateral roots, emerging white females and brown cysts. Nematode attacks may render plants vulnerable to other pathogens, so disease caused by microorganisms may have nematodes as an etiological component. Therefore, nematode damage may often have been attributed to other factors. In Scandinavia, potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida) are by far the most important nematodes on potato. In Norway, the cost of compensations schemes due to imposed statutory regulations of potato cyst nematodes may some years exceed the compensation for any other pests or diseases organism in agriculture. Other important nematodes include root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.), stubby root nematodes (Trichodorus spp. and Paratrichodorus spp.), and potato rot and stem nematodes (Ditylenchus spp.). Root knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla is considered less important. Meloidogyne chitwoodi and Meloidogyne fallax are not known to be present in Nordic countries. In the control, crop rotations using non-host crops, alternating susceptible and resistant potato cultivars, are an important control measure. However, the use of resistant potato cultivars requires knowledge of the species and pathotypes present in the field.

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Nematodes, commonly known as round worms, are the most common multicellular animals on planet Earth. After 1000 million years of evolution members of the phylum Nematoda have a high bionomic diversity. As habitants of the soil and rhizosphere nematodes are involved en energy fluxes, and affect carbon and nutrient cycles. As plant parasites, either alone or in synergism with other pathogens, nematodes are responsible for plant disease complexes and major crop losses. A growth depression in a field of potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Saturna [resistant to pathotype Ro1 of potato cyst nematode (PCN) Globodera rostochiensis], suggestive of potato cyst nematode damage, was detected in Grue, eastern Norway. Analyses of soil samples did not detect PCN, but demonstrated the occurrence of a large number of lesion nematodes Pratylenchus penetrans .Tubers from the depressed part of the field had severe symptoms similar to those caused by the common scab bacterium Streptomyces scabies. Potato yield was reduced by 50% in the affected area of the field. Transect-sampling showed plant growth to be negatively correlated with densities of P. penetrans and suggested a damage threshold of potato to the nematode of 100 specimens per250 g of soil. Common scab (Streptomyces scabies) occurred frequently in the affected area. P. penetrans was present in roots, underground stems, stolons and tubers. Tubers from the depressed part of the field had severe symptoms similar to those caused by the common scab bacterium. In tubers, nematodes were detected inside cross-lesions typical symptoms of common scab, and occurred also in the outermost 0.5 mm tissue associated with such lesions. In pots with sterile sand, micro-tubers of potato cv. Saturna, produced from meristems, were grown in a green-house infected with, P. penetrans, S. scabies, and a combination of P. penetrans and, S. scabies. P. penetrans alone induced tuber lesions similar to those of common scab. Also, the combined inoculation of the bacterium and the nematode seemed to enhance symptom expression. Similar scab symptoms, in connection with lesion nematode infections, have been observed on potato tubers cv. Oleva, which also is relatively tolerant to common scab. Symptomatic tubers cv. Saturna first stored at 4o C for 20 weeks were transferred to pots with sterile sand and grown for 3 months in the green-house. In these cultures P. penetrans was first detected in soil 8 weeks after planting. Examination at harvest of soil, roots, stolons, tubers demonstrated symptoms typical of P. penetrans. Interestingly, P. penetrans survives storage of potatoes, from which new infections may develop. Hence, potato tubers do appear to be an important means for the spread of P. penetrans to new areas. The fact that the symptoms induced by this nematode may be mistaken for symptoms of common scab suggests that the frequency of S. scabies might have been overestimated in regular surveys. Infections by P. penetrans have important implications for scab control. This pertains in particular to recommended maintenance of high soil moisture at and during 4-9 weeks after tuber set. If symptoms are related to nematode infection rather than to the scab bacterium, this recommendation would allow for a rapid build-up of lesion nematodes resulting in a decrease in both yield and marketability of the tubers. Further studies are needed to investigate the extent of this problem.

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Nematoder (rundormer) er mest kjent som parasitter i dyr, mennesker og planter. Størstedelen av nematodene (ca. 60 %) lever imidlertid fritt i jord og vann og er ikke parasitter. De er ørsmå, gråhvite, «markliknende» organismer som er viktige for omdanning av organisk materiale og sirkulering av næringsstoffer i jorda. De fleste jordlevende arter er < 1 mm og lever i vannfilmen rundt jordpartikler og røtter.

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The pinewood nematode (PWN) is one of the worst tree-killing exotic pests in East-Asian countries. The first European record of establishment in Portugal in 1999 triggered extensive surveys and contingency plans for eradication in European countries, including immediate removal of large areas of conifer host trees. Using Norway as an example, we applied a simulation model to evaluate the chance of successful eradication of a hypothetical introduction by the current contingency plan in a northern area where wilting symptoms are not expected to occur. Despite a highly variable spread of nematode infestations in space and time, the probability of successful eradication in 20 years was consistently low (mean 0.035, SE 0.02). The low success did not change significantly by varying the biological parameters in sensitivity analyses (SA), probably due to the late detection of infestations by the survey (mean 14.3 years). SA revealed a strong influence of management parameters. However, a high probability of eradication required unrealistic measures: achieving an eradication probability of 0.99 in 20 years required 10,000 survey samples per year and a host tree removal radius of 8,000 m around each detection point.

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In 1955 the potato cyst nematode (PCN) was recorded for the first time in Norway. This detection resulted in extensive surveys and measures were implemented based on the statutory regulation of 1916. The first statutory regulation for PCN was put in power in 1956, and later amended in several occasions. These regulations prohibit the introduction and spread of PCN with soil and plant materials. Early control strategies included the use of chemical fumigants and resistant potato cultivars in infested fields, and surveys detected new infestations which were placed under quarantine regulations. The recognition of G. rostochiensis and G. pallida, their pathotypes enabled a more precise use of resistant cultivars. Commercial chemical fumigants, organophosphates or carbamate nematicides have not been used in Norway since the early 1970s. Today, non-virulent G. rostochiensis is managed by crop rotation, while infestations by G. pallida or virulent G. rostochiensis results in at least 40-years ban for growing potato. Most Norwegian potato cultivars have the resistance genes, Gro-1 (H1) from Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena. During the preceding decades great emphasis has been placed on documenting freedom from PCN in the production of certified seed potatoes, certified seed potato are used in combination with crop rotations using non-host crops, alternating susceptible and resistant cultivars. These are important control measures, but not easy to implement in Norway due to restricted acreage suitable for long rotations. The safe use of resistant potato cultivars requires a better knowledge on the presence of species and pathotypes in potato fields. In order to improve our information of the occurrence of PCN a new national survey program for the principal potato districts has started. These surveys will complemented by information generated from a new research project dealing with: studies of the virulence of selected PCN populations, decline rates of nematode field population densities and infection potential over time of populations from fields placed under quarantine regulations. studies on the occurrence and pathogenicity of microbial antagonistic parasitic on PCN, and their potential of future management of PCN, the safe use of early potato cultivars as a practical control method, and the potential for using Solanum sisymbriifolium as a trap crop, distinguish the degree of resistance of selected potato varieties available on the Norwegian market, and initial studies of the PCN-Potato-Pathosystem. These expected results of this project possibly will improve the management of PCN, and may alleviate present regulatory restrictions.

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In Nordic countries organic farming started as bio-dynamic farms in the 1930s, and still in the 1970s only a small number of farms were organic. Since then the acreage of organic farming has increased and in 2007 Sweden had 222 268 ha (7.9%), Finland 147 557 ha (6.4 %), Denmark 147 482 ha (5.4%), Norway 43 033 ha (4.7%) and Iceland 4 684 ha (0.27%). In northern areas the short vegetation period combined with low temperatures reducing mineralisation causing nutritional deficit may restrict yields. As mineral fertilizers are prohibited in organic farming, plant nutrition and yield depend on proper microbial activity for nutrient cycling. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) reduce plant growth, while microbivorous nematodes (MBN) increase nutrient accessibility. Nitrogen fixating legumes, used to improve soil nitrogen levels, may increase densities of PPN to levels causing crop damage. Management of PPN in organic farming relies on knowledge of population dynamics, damaging thresholds and cultural methods like weed control, sanitation, mulching, crop rotation and resistant cultivars. Keeping PPN below damaging levels and supporting beneficial MBN to improve mineralisation would increase yields and improve quality of organics crops in northern areas. Management of MBN is less well understood, but may be of crucial importance for organic farming in northern areas.

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Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres, A.W.A.M. de Cook & W.A. Man in‘t Veld is a newly described Phytophthora-species which is considered to be relatively recently introduced to both USA and Europe from an unknown area, or areas, of origin. The pathogen has a wide host range and causes a complexity of disease symptoms generally grouped into three categories: canker, foliage lesion, and dieback. In Europe the pathogen has been reported in 21 countries, Norway included; predominantly on ornamental plants in nurseries, but also outside nurseries in gardens and semi-natural environment, most often on rhododendrons. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority needs a risk assessment of the pest as basis for an evaluation of a future phytosanitary risk management of P. ramorum, including whether the organism should be regulated as a quarantine pest in Norway. On this background the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, in a letter of 22nd August 2008, requested a pest risk assessment of P. ramorum from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM). The pest risk assessment was adopted by VKM"s Panel on plant health (Panel 9) on a meeting 24th June 2009. VKM"s Panel 9 gives the following main conclusions of the risk assessment: 1) P. ramorum is present but not widely distributed in Norway, and the pest is under official control. The outdoors surveys of P. ramorum in Norway have not been conducted systematically over the whole country, and some uncertainty therefore still remains regarding the current distribution of P. ramorum in the PRA area. 2) The overall probability of entry of P. ramorum into Norway and the overall probability of establishment of P. ramorum in Norway are both rated as high with low levels of uncertainty; 3) In the absence of statutory control the probability for P. ramorum to be spread quickly in the PRA area by trade of host plants for planting is rated as high. The uncertainty of this assessment is low; 4) The part of the PRA area where presence of P. ramorum might result in economically important losses (the endangered area) is assessed to be most of the country of Norway, except where the climate is predicted to be unfavourable for the pest. However, this area must be regarded as a maximum estimate for the endangered area. On the other hand, a narrow and very conservative estimate for the endangered area can be defined based on the geographical distribution of highly susceptible host plants in Norway. This area is gardens and parks with Rhododendron spp., Viburnum spp. and F. sylvatica and areas in the wild into which Rhododendron spp. has spread and woods with F. sylvatica. Woods with F. sylvatica is limited to the county of Vestfold and some small areas in the counties of Aust-Agder and Hordaland; 5) P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on the nurseries in the PRA area with current phytosanitary measures. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact on the nursery industry of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 6) With current phytosanitary measures P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on parks and private gardens in parts of the PRA area. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact in the best climatic zones of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 7) The impact of P. ramorum in coniferous and mixed forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium. The impact of P. ramorum in natural and planted deciduous broadleaf forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor due to the scattered and limited distribution of the most susceptible species. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium; 8) The non-commercial and environmental consequences to natural environments in the PRA area are likely to be moderate. The level of uncertainty ...

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The main Avena species that are important weeds of cereal and arable crops include A. fatua L., A. sterilis and A. barbata Pott. All three species have an abscission scar on the grains. A risk assessment of A. fatua L. as an indirect pest in Norway is given in a separate document. For both A. sterilis ssp. macrocarpa and ssp. maxima, and for A. barbata Pott, the potential for entry and establishment in Norway is considered as very low. A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana (winter wild oats) has a moderate potential for establishment in Norway. The suitability of the environment for A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana was therefore investigated: Our assessment of the probability of establishment indicates that the climate is not favourable for establishment of A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana in Norway. A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana is a problem in southern Europe and central southern England and is mainly a weed in winter cereals. While it is highly likely that the probability of establishment of A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana has increased in Norway in recent years due to climate change and consequent changes in cultural practices, its probability of establishment in Norway is still low and it is therefore not likely that it will become a weed in Norway under current conditions. However, if the future climate of the PRA area changes, so that winter conditions become similar to conditions in southern England, while the acreage of winter cereal continues to grow, A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana could become a weed in Norway. A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana is not present in Denmark where winter cereals are much more widely cultivated, and the climate is more favourable than in Norway. One would therefore expect the weed to establish in Denmark before it will become a problem in Norway

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Planteparasittære nematoder er små rundormer som skader røttene på korn. Symptomene viser seg som tynn plantebestand, svake planter og mer ugras. I de siste årene viser henvendelser fra produsenter at problemene med nematoder er økende. Prøver med korncystenematoder, rotsårnematoder og stuntnematoder er vanlig. I prøvene hvor resistente sorter for korncystenematoder er dyrket, og skader vises, er ofte rotsårnematoder funnet. Rotsårnematoder er påvist i forbindelse med skader i alle kornarter. I en del av feltene som er undersøkt i Vestfold, Østfold, Agder, Romerike og Buskerud er det vist til dels høge populasjoner av rotsårnematoder.

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Bioforsk gjennomførte i samarbeid med Lier og omegn forsøksring en kartlegging av planteparasittære nematoder i Lier. Dette p.g.a. at det i 2006 ble påvist skader av nematoder i stilkselleri hos en dyrker i Lier. I vekstsesongen 2007 ble det gjort undersøkelser i 37 prøver fra grønnsakfelt fra 7 produsenter, hvor det ble dyrket blomkål, brokkoli, kinakål, isberg salat, stangselleri, og fra felter som var brakk/pløyd/frest. Det ble funnet stuntnematoder (Tylenchorhynchus sp.) i 27 prøver (72,9 %), Kålcystenematoder (Heterodera cruciferae) og cystenematoder (Heterodera spp.) i 25 prøver (67,5 %), rotsårnematoder (Pratylenchus spp.) i 20 prøver (54 %), pin-nematoder (Paratylenchus spp.) i 11 prøver (29,7 %), og spiralnematoder i 3 prøver (8,1 %).

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Potetcystenematodene (PCN) forekommer i to arter, gul (Globodera rostochiensis) og hvit (G. pallida). Begge har fl ere raser, hvor det i Norge er påvist fi re av den gule arten. Cystene ligger i jorda og er døde hunner, mens smitten er eggene som fi nnes inne i disse. Potet er den viktigste vertsplanten. Angrepne områder får dårlig vekst og vises ofte som fl ekker i åkeren. Gul PCN er påvist på 6400 eiendommer fra Lindesnes i sør til Ørland kommune i nord. Forebyggende tiltak er viktigst for å unngå smitte. Gul PCN er en karanteneskadegjører som reguleres av Matloven. Det er meldeplikt til Mattilsynet på mistanke om infeksjon av PCN. Bioforsk Plantehelse utfører analyser av forekomst, smittenivå og rasetesting.

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Potetcystenematodene (PCN) forekommer i to arter, hvit PCN (Globodera pallida) og gul (Globodera rostochiensis). Begge har fl ere raser. Cystene ligger i jorda og er døde hunner, mens smitten er eggene som fi nnes inne i disse. Potet er den viktigste vertsplanten. Angrepne områder får dårlig vekst og vises ofte som fl ekker i åkeren. Kjent utbredelse av hvit PCN er fra Grimstad i Aust-Agder i sør til Stjørdal i Trøndelag i nord. God hygiene er det viktigste tiltaket for å unngå smitte. Hvit PCN omfattes av Matloven og infi serte bruksenheter kan legges i karantene i 40 år. Det er meldeplikt til Mattilsynet ved mistanke og funn av PCN. Bioforsk Plantehelse utfører analyser og rasetesting av PCN.

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In 2007, after many years of absence, Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV) reoccurred in Norwegian cucumber production. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority is considering to regulate CGMMV as a quarantine pest and commissioned a Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of the virus. The Panel of Plant Health gives the following conclusions: Both recent and previous presence of CGMMV indicate that the pest is able to establish in the PRA area. The most probable pathway for long distance spread into the PRA area is seed transmission. Infected seedlings, people, water and soil are probable pathways for short distance spread. The probability of further spread is from location to location is high. Dry heat treatment has probably been the most effective measure to prevent the spread of CGMMV. There is a moderate level of uncertainty regarding the pathway for entry of CGMMV into the PRA area. There is a low degree of uncertainty regarding the pathogen survival and possibilty for transmission, establishment and spread in Norwegian greenhouse cucumber production.

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Wild oats (A. fatua) is present in 155 out of 431 Norwegian municipalities. It is widely distributed in all municipalities in the main agricultural areas in south-east and central-east Norway, and in the municipalities close to the Trondheim fjord. Otherwise wild oats is present in only a few scattered municipalities not geographically connected to these main areas. Endangered area, not yet infested by A. fatua, is estimated to 228858 ha. This area is spread over the cereal growing part of Norway. The counties of North- and South -Trøndelag have a higher portion of endangered area not yet infested than south and central part of East Norway. The probability of entry of A. fatua from outside the PRA area (Norway) is very low. The probability of spread within Norway is high. In areas with low infestation, like in Trøndelag, the probability of spread is lower than in heavily infested areas. However, in areas with high level of infestation there are few new farms left to be infested. The official wild oats register is a valuable tool in regulations aiming to limit spread. The register also provides a tool to follow up infested farms. The register would be even more useful if inspection for infestation on new farms had been more systematic. Wild oats is no longer devastating even in cereal monocropping, due to cost efficient herbicides. However, in Norway an increasing area is infested with wild oats. The infestation may vary from only a few plants to total coverage of the field. In cereal monocropping chemical treatment with and without hand roguing is the only feasible control methods. Hand roguing alone is expensive and ineffective even on modest infestation. The structural changes in cereal farming result in more farms being managed by entrepreneurs. Field managed by entrepreneurs promotes use of herbicide even on small infestations since this is a cost effective measure to control the weed. Less official control of cereal fields can also be expected. The economical consequences are thus expected to be high. The economical consequences can be even higher in organic farming if the most profitable rotation has to be changed to a less profitable one because of wild oats infestation.

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Planteparasittære nematoder (rundormer) lever i jord og planter. Nematodene er av mikroskopisk størrelse, og noen arter fremkaller alvorlige skader på kulturplantene ved å suge på røtter og andre plantedeler. Korn kan skades alvorlig av nematodeangrep.

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Korncystenematoder (Heterodera spp.) er små rundormer som skader røttene på korn og andre grasarter. I korn viser symptomene seg som tynt plantebestand, svake planter og mer ugras. Skadebildet kan forveksles med surjordskade. Angrep av korncystenematoder forekommer nesten utelukkende på lette jordarter.

Sammendrag

The detection in 1999 of the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in Portugal triggered survey activities in many European countries. With the assumption that PWN would reach frequency 10 times lower than the native B. mucronatus and the requirement of a 95 % confidence limit suggested 2 995 samples to be required for a safe statement on the absence of PWN from the territory surveyed. Samples were taken from 10 circular areas with 50 km diameter erected from a point of import of risk materials. In the period 2000-2006 3 165 wood samples, 2 880 from Pinus sylvestris, 279 from Picea abies and 6 from unknown wood, were collected from 446 logging sites, in 84 municipalities and 13 counties. Of the total material 85 % of the samples came from cutting wastes, timber or lying trees. Wood showing signs of insect activity (incl. Monochamus) formed 73 % of the total material. Nematodes were recorded in 85 % of the samples. The order Rhabditida was most frequent, followed by the orders Aphelenchida, Tylenchida and Dorylaimida. Rhabditid nematodes were equally frequent in pine and spruce, while Aphelenchida (Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Cryptaphelenchus, Seinura and Bursaphelenchus) and Tylenchida (Filenchus, Lelenchus, Ditylenchus, Deladenus and Nothotylenchus) tended to be more common in pinewood. Aphelenchoides was the most common genus. The genus Bursaphelenchus occurred in 1 % of the samples. B. mucronatus was detected in 0,3 % of the samples and most often in cutting waste of pine. The pine wood nematode (PWN), B. xylophilus, was not detected in this survey. The unexpected low natural occurrence of B. mucronatus indicates that the number of potential niches for PWN also is lower than expected, and hence it will be necessary to continue this surveillance program to reach 10 000 samples. The present zone sites in central and south-eastern Norway will be supplemented with 1-2 zone sites in southwestern region of the country. In the future these zone sites will function as permanent observation areas. Care will also be taken to collect all samples from detached wood with signs of Monochamus activity.

Sammendrag

Korncystenematoder (Heterodera spp.) er et kompleks av arter og raser med forskjellige vertsplanter og skadelighet på kornsorter. I Norge er havrecystenematoden (H. avenae) rase Ha 11, H. avenae "svensk rase Våxtorp" og rugcystenematoden (H. filipjevi) "svensk rase vest" de vanligste nematodetypene. Med støtte fra Norges forskningsråd er prosjektet "Studier av arts- og rasedifferensiering innen korncystenematode-komplekset med hensikt å effektivisere tiltak mot skader i korn " gjennomført i samarbeid mellom Bioforsk, Rothamsted Research og Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Hovedhensikten med forskningsarbeidet var å sikre en korrekt kjennskap til nematodeart, rase og resistensforskjell mellom kornsorter, for å kunne gi riktige tilrådinger om dyrkingsopplegg og sortsvalg for den enkelte dyrker. I prosjektet har populasjoner av korncystenematoder blitt karakterisert ved bruk av morfologi, biotester og molekylære metoder. Resultatene har dannet et grunnlag for en effektiv bekjempelse, og en inntektsøkning for kornprodusenter. I dag benytter flere produsenter resultatene i praksis.

Sammendrag

Hvit potetcystenematode (Globodera pallida) som ble oppdaget på senhøsten 2004 og tidlig i 2005 i Stjørdal er det hittil største kjente infeksjonsarealet i Norge for denne nematodearten. Påvisningen resulterte i at ca. 1000 dekar fordelt på 6 eiendommer er lagt i 40 år karantene med forbud mot dyrking av potet og bortføring av jord. Med bakgrunn i nasjonal og internasjonal vitenskaplig kunnskap om hvit PCN er det ikke uten grunn at denne nematoden er klassifisert som karanteneskadegjører. Den er en direkte trussel mot hele Norges potetproduksjon, og en videre spredning til nye dyrkingsområder vil være meget uheldig både for potetnæringen og landbruksnæringen i sin helhet.

Sammendrag

Det finnes flere nematode-arter som angriper korn. Biotester mot vanlige arter og patotyper av korncystenematoder ble gjennomført i 2005 og 2004 (Holgado & Andersson, 2005). Resultatene viser til dels at flertallet kornsorter ikke er resistente mot alle forkommende arter og patotyper, til dels at det finnes ulike grader av resistens i våre kornsorter. Bekjempelse av korncystenematoder med bruk av resistente kornsorter krever derfor kjennskap til hvilke arter og patotyper som forekommer i de enkelte feltene.

Sammendrag

Korncystenematoder (Heterodera spp.) er et kompleks av arter og patotyper. Så langt er det i Norge påvist den vanlige havrecystenematoden (Heterodera avenae) patotype Ha 11, H. avenae svensk patotype ”Våxtorp” og rugcystenematoden (H. filipjevi) svensk patotype ”Vest”. Biotest med disse patotypene ble gjennomført i 2004 og 2005 ved Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet i Alnarp. Tester i veksthus av 63 kornsorter viste at de fleste sortene i testen var mottakelige for Ha 11 og Ha Våxtorp. Dette var også tilfelle i tester med H. filipjevi Vest for sorter av bygg og vårhvete, mens et flertall av havresortene var mer eller mindre resistente. Resultatene viser også at det finnes flere sorter på det norske markedet som kan benyttes for å holde korncystenematodene på et lavt nivå. I bygg var Frisko, Helium Meltan, Otira og Simba resistente mot Ha 11. For Ha Våxtorp viste ingen av de testede sortene seg å være resistente. Byggsortene Antaria, Frisko, Gunilla, Iver, Pernilla og Sunnita var resistente mot H. filipjevi Vest. I havre viste sortene Sanna, Gunhild og Vital resistens mot Ha 11, og mot Ha Våxtorp var sortene Gunhild, NK98059, Sanna og Vital resistente. Mot H. filipjevi Vest var Bikini, Bessin, Gunhild, Kerstin, Liberto, Matilda, NK 98008, NK980591, Olram, Pol, Sanna, SW 98195 og Vital resistente.

Sammendrag

In this survey of 2002, 600 samples were collected from 83 forest blocks in the counties Akershus, Buskerud, Oppland and Østfold. The sampling activity involved 16 municipallities situated mainly within the three zone sites A, B, and C. Samples from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) formed 89%, while samples of Norway spruce (Picea abies) made up 10% of the total sample volume. Timber and forest debris were the most common objects sampled. Sixty-five percent of the pine samples and 81% of the spruce samples showed signs of Monochamus activity. Nematodes were common and occurred in 94% of the samples analysed. Thirteen samples of pinewood were positive for the genus Bursaphelenchus. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus was recorded for the third time in Norway, and was detected in forest debris attacked by Monochamus at Bjørdalen in the municipality of Eidsberg in the county of Østfold. The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was not detected in this survey.

Sammendrag

In this survey of 2003, 600 samples were collected from 96 forest blocks in the counties of Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder in southern Norway. The sampling activity involved 19 municipalities situated mainly within the two zone sites D and E close to Kristiansand and Arendal. Samples from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) formed 92%, while samples of Norway spruce (Picea abies) made up 8% of the total sample volume. Timber and forest debris was the most common objects sampled. Ninety-eight percent of the samples, regardless of tree species, showed signs of Monochamus activity. Nematodes were common and occurred in 90% of the samples analysed. Eight samples of pinewood were positive for the genus Bursaphelenchus. This genus did not occur in spruce. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus was detected in 6 samples of forest debris of pine attacked by Monochamus and collected in the county of Aust-Agder. In the municipality of Evje and Hornes B. mucronatus was detected at Skjerkelia and Sutestad. In the municipality of Froland the nematode was found in two samples from Budalsfjellet, and in one sample from Mjålandsvatn. In the municipality of Birkenes one sample from Vågsdalen contained B. mucronatus. This is the fourth report on the occurrence of B. mucronatus in Norway. The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was not detected.

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Sammendrag

Frukttrær er en langsiktig kultur, hvor angrep av planteparasittære nematoder kan føre til avlingstap og tredød. Nematodenes effekter på frukttrær beror av nematodeartenes oppformeringsevne og skadelighet på det aktuelle plantematerialet. Forekomst av nematoder og skuddtilvekst i en beplanting av moreller ved Ullensvang forskningssenter i Hardanger indikerte en viktig rolle for nematoder i vekstforstyrrelser. For å begrense nematodeskadene i frukthager må jordprøver tas ut senest året før planting. Ved høye nematodetettheter bør feltet brakkes eller tilsåes med underkultur som vil senke smittenivået før det plantes med nematodefritt plantemateriale.

Sammendrag

In 2001, a zone site C, was established as a circular areas with 50 km radius and centred in Greåker close to Sarpsborg in South-eastern Norway. Zone site C is complementary to the similar zone sites A and B established in 2000. From June 2001 to December 2002, 601 wood samples were collected from 66 forest blocks, all situated within the 3 existing zone sites A, B and C. The sampling was carried out in the provinces Akershus, Buskerud, Vestfold and Østfold, but was concentrated to the South-eastern region, where 399 samples were taken from 45 forest blocks in the province of Østfold. Samples from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) formed 96% of the collected material, while Norway spruce (Picea abies) was a minor fraction. Lying trees and various kinds of detached wood formed the main part of the objects sampled. The frequency of objects showing signs of attack by wood boring insects was 44%. Some samples were also taken in Porsgrunn in the province of Telemark from a consignment of spruce imported from Russia. Nematodes were often more common in samples from objects with signs of insect activity. In four samples, all from lying pine trees, nematodes belonging to the genus Bursaphelenchus were detected. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus was recorded for the second time in Norway, and occurred in a lying pine tree attacked by Monochamus at Ombudstvedt in the municipality of Våler in the province of Østfold. The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was not detected, nor in forests or in 5 samples from spruce imported from Russia

Sammendrag

Two zone sites, i.e. two circular areas with 50 km radius, were established in southern Norway. The zone sites were centred in Tofte (the location of a major pulp mill) and in Drammen (the site of a major timber yard). From June to October 2000, 66 forest blocks were visited, 65 of which were situated within the zone site areas. Samples were collected from 40 forest blocks, especially from wood attacked by wood boring insects. At 34 forest blocks, trees of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, or Norway spruce Picea abies were provided as trap-logs for Monochamus spp. This material will be sampled in the survey of 2001. Some samples were also taken from a wood chip pile and from imported wood material. The total number of wood samples analysed for nematodes were 275. Out of these, 214 samples were collected from forest trees, stumps, timber and logging wastes of P. sylvestris and P. abies. Three samples contained nematodes belonging to the genus Bursaphelenchus, but the Pine Wood Nematode (PWN), B. xylophilus, was not detected. Similarly, this nematode was not detected in the 10 samples of wood chips, or in the 25 samples of imported lumber or in the 26 samples of imported solid wood packing material. In order reach the minimal number of 3000 samples within reasonable time, the number of samples for the next survey season of 2001 needs to be increased drastically. To achieve this, the sampling will continue within the existing zone sites, and be extended into new zone sites to be established in 2001.

Sammendrag

Eit dyrkingsproblem er at søtkirsebær-trea utan synlege sjukdomsteikn brått kan stagnera i vekst og døy endå om feltet har fått optimalt stell. For tida er det ingen konkrete rådgjerder for dyrkarane bortsett frå å planta nye tre i staden for dei som gjekk ut. Med finansiering frå Statens Landbruksbank har Planteforsk Ullensvang i samarbeid med Planteforsk Plantevernet gjennomført det eitt-årige prosjektet "Kartlegging av årsaker til tredaude i søtkirsebær" i 1999. Kartleggingsarbeidet var delt i to: 1.Kartlegging av 5 bruk som har problem med tredaude blant medlemene til Hardanger Frukt og Bær med utttak og analyse av nematode-, sopp-, virus- og jord- og bladprøvar saman med feltinspeksjonar. 2. Spørjeundersøking til søtkirsebærdyrkarar ved 5 fruktlager i Ullensvang om tilhøve som kan tenkjast å påverka tredaude i søtkirsebær . Grupper av rotnematodar som gjer skade på frukttrea var registrert i alle hagane og kan såleis vera medverkande til symptoma. Det var også mogeleg å relatera høge populajonar av rotsårnematodar til dårleg tilvekst og høge spiralnematodetal til tidlegare observasjonar av tredaude. Det vart ikkje påvist at ulike insekt, soppar, bakteriar eller virus var primærårsak til denne tredauden. Spørjeundersøkinga viste at mange søtkirsebærdyrkarar meinte det var skilnad mellom kor utsette ulike sortar og grunnstammer var for tredauding i frukthagane. Gjenplanting på same arealet kort tid etter at det var rydda steinfruktplanting fremja tredauding. Lauvtrebarkbillen var årsak til tredaude, men då er diagnosen oftast enkel å stilla.

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Sammendrag

Damping av jord er en gammel metode for bekjempelse av ugras, sopp, nematoder og virus. Desinfeksjon ved hjelp av damp ble tatt i bruk allerede i begynnelsen av forrige århundre, men det var først i begynnelsen av dette århundre metoden ble benyttet i større omfang, og da spesielt i veksthus. I motsetning til de kjemiske desinfeksjonsmidlene, hadde damping en mer universell virkning ved sin effekt både på ugrasfrø, nematoder, sopp og virus. Damping ble derfor av mange sett på som den beste metoden for desinfeksjon av jord (Newhall et al., 1931, og Baker, 1950). Etter hvert overtok imidlertid de kjemiske midlene markedet, og utviklingen av dampingsteknikken stoppet opp. Det er derfor relativt lite nyere litteratur og forsøksresultater fra bruk av jorddamping