Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2015
Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Thi Ngoc Chi Truong Thi Thuy Anh Tran Tuyet Loan Dang Cao Cuong Pham Duy Le Solveig Kolberg Sekhar Udaya NagothuSammendrag
The objective of this study is to better understand socio-economic and gender-differentiated impacts and perceptions of climate change in rice farms in Southern Viet Nam. Focus group discussions and a household survey of both male and female farmers in 160 households were conducted in four villages of Soc Trang and Tra Vinh provinces. These coastal provinces are located at the mouth of the Mekong delta in southern Viet Nam, an area highly at risk of climate variability and climate change causing exacerbating problems of saline intrusion and drought episodes. The survey found that the farm households heavily relied on rice for their livelihood, and that rice contributed to 79 % of the farmer’s total income. In the last 10 years, 95 % of the Soc Trang households and 89 % of the Tra Vinh province had experienced damage to their livelihoods due to salinity and/or drought. The residents in Soc Trang and Tra Vinh province are mostly Khmer ethnic, followed by Kinh (Vietnamese) people. Most of the households are rice farmers, having their own lands. Husbands are generally the household heads and the landowners, and they little education, but in general more educated than women. Both male and female farmers perceived the existence of climate change and variability and recognized its adverse impacts on crop production, animal husbandry, and fishing, as well as other household activities. Low crop yields, and even occasionally total crop losses were rated as the major impacts, leading to increased debt and food insecurity. Farmers coping strategies included change of rice varieties; leave land fallow during severe drought; change of the cropping pattern; more cash crops; and off-farm work. Women not only did the same tasks as men in farming traditionally but also contributed to seed preparation, replanting, hand weeding, removing off types, drying and sacking. Womens’ workload inn recent years increased more than that of men due to climate variation. It was found that male farmers are more likely than female farmers to adopt technologies that can reduce vulnerability to climate change. These technologies included the use of stress-tolerant crop varieties; planting of early, medium or late varieties to avoid crop loss to variations in presence of drought/salinity; pest and disease management techniques; and development and use of crop varieties resistant to pests and diseases. Both female and male farmers had equal access to credit and money loans in the periods of extreme weather events. Moreover, female farmers tend to spend less money, and they stored food to cover basic needs, while male farmers are used to seek wage labor or migrate. The respondents, especially women, reported a lack of adequate extension and technical information about how to cope with agriculture under climate variability. Thus, in situations of salinity and drought, rice farmers reverted to traditional practices with low rice yield outputs, and the Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) varied from 1.2 to 1.6 only. Given the important role of women in rice production , rural extension should not ignore women farmers in the development of the extension programs related to agriculture adaptation and climate change. Moreover, mitigation measures should address the needs of both men and women, and ethnic people living in the areas affected by climate change. Any new adaptation measures have to be simple, help in reducing GHGs, low cost and easily adaptable, since majority of farmers are small or marginal landholders with little education and low investment capacity and the government does not have adequate resources.
Sammendrag
Net blotch is a major barley disease in Norway caused by the necrotrophic fungus Drechslera teres leading to yield losses of up to 40%. At present, resistance of Norwegian cultivars is insufficient. The pathogen secretes necrotrophic effectors (NEs) which act as virulence factors in order to gain entry into and nutrients from the host (Liu et al., 2014). NEs cause a hypersensitive response in the presence of corresponding dominant host susceptibility factors. In this study we examine the potential role of NEs and host receptors in explaining susceptibility to net blotch in Norwegian barley. This knowledge together with an understanding of the genetic background of the Norwegian net blotch population will be utilized to speed up resistance breeding. 365 Norwegian D. teres isolates collected from various regions and years, together with a selection of globally collected isolates, will be RADtag genotyped in order to obtain GBS markers to study the genetic diversity, genomic evolution and population structure of the current Norwegian fungal population and to compare it to pathotypes from other countries. Additionally, this data will allow us to perform Genomewide Association Studies (GWAS) to identify potential novel NE genes. Selected isolates and their culture filtrates will be screened for specific reactions against an association mapping panel of ca. 200 mostly Norwegian barley lines and a biparental mapping population (both genotyped with the Illumina barley 9K chip) to characterize novel NE-host susceptibility interactions and to map the corresponding sensitivity loci. Effector protein candidates will be purified and further analysed to verify their effect on disease development.
Sammendrag
Net blotch is a major barley disease in Norway caused by the necrotrophic fungus Drechslera teres leading to yield losses of up to 40%. At present, resistance of Norwegian cultivars is insufficient. The pathogen secretes necrotrophic effectors (NEs) which act as virulence factors in order to gain entry into and nutrients from the host (Liu et al., 2014). NEs cause a hypersensitive response in the presence of corresponding dominant host susceptibility factors. In this study we examine the potential role of NEs and host receptors in explaining susceptibility to net blotch in Norwegian barley. This knowledge together with an understanding of the genetic background of the Norwegian net blotch population will be utilized to speed up resistance breeding. 365 Norwegian D. teres isolates collected from various regions and years, together with a selection of globally collected isolates, will be RADtag genotyped in order to obtain GBS markers to study the genetic diversity, genomic evolution and population structure of the current Norwegian fungal population and to compare it to pathotypes from other countries. Additionally, this data will allow us to perform Genomewide Association Studies (GWAS) to identify potential novel NE genes. Selected isolates and their culture filtrates will be screened for specific reactions against an association mapping panel of ca. 200 mostly Norwegian barley lines and a biparental mapping population (both genotyped with the Illumina barley 9K chip) to characterize novel NE-host susceptibility interactions and to map the corresponding sensitivity loci. Effector protein candidates will be purified and further analysed to verify their effect on disease development.
Sammendrag
This paper investigated the possibility of leaving out the traditional clean-up step in the QuEChERS procedure and analysing non-cleaned extracts from fruit, vegetables and cereals with a combination of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), back-flush technology and large-volume injection. By using calibration standards in cucumber matrix, recovery and precision were calculated in lettuce, orange and wheat for 109 pesticides at 0.01 and 0.1 mg kg−1 in two sets of samples: one with and one without clean-up. For both spiking levels, 80–82% of the pesticides in the non-cleaned extracts and 80–84% of the pesticides in the cleaned extracts were within the acceptable recovery range of 70–120%. Precision data for both levels showed that 95% of the pesticides in the non-cleaned extracts and 93–95% of the pesticides in the cleaned extracts had RSDs below 20%. Recovery and precision data were determined using a two tailed t-test (p = 0.05). By using calibration standards in the respective matrix, we studied if the non-cleaned calibration standards gave an extra matrix effect compared with the cleaned standards by using the slope from calibration graphs and plotting the calculated extra matrix effect minus 100 for each compound. The results showed that for 79% of the pesticides, the extra matrix effect minus 100 was within the acceptable range of −20% to 20%. Five European Union proficiency tests on rye, mandarin, rice, pear and barley, respectively, from 2010 to 2012 were reanalysed omitting the clean-up step and showed satisfactory results. At least 70 injections of non-cleaned extracts were made without detecting any increased need for maintenance during the experimental period. Analysing non-cleaned QuEChERS extracts of lettuce, orange and wheat are possible under the conditions described in this paper because recovery, precision and specificity showed satisfactory results compared with samples subjected to traditional dispersive clean-up.
Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Agnethe ChristiansenSammendrag
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Forfattere
Frode VeggelandSammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Laura Zoratti Laura Jaakola Hely Häggman Lara GiongoSammendrag
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