Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Einar StrandSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Redaktører
Oddmund HjukseSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Rapport – Resultatkontroll skogbruk/miljø, rapport 2015
Aksel Granhus, Rune Eriksen, Jan-Erik Nilsen
Sammendrag
I denne rapporten presenteres resultatene fra resultatkontrollen i 2015, som omfatter resultatkontrollen for foryngelse, kontroll av skogsveger og kontroll av skogbruksplaner. Resultatkontrollen for foryngelse i 2015 er basert på 1 037 foryngelsesfelt. Andelen der foryngelsesmetoden var planting var på 59,7 prosent, en økning fra 56,4 prosent i 2014. Andelen som var tilrettelagt for naturlig foryngelse var tilsvarende mindre og omfattet i 2015 21,7 prosent av det totale foryngelsesarealet. Kombinasjon av planting og naturlig foryngelse ble anvendt på 7,7 prosent av det kontrollerte arealet, mens såing ble anvendt på 0,4 prosent. Arealer der det ikke var gjennomført tiltak for å legge til rette for foryngelse utgjorde 10,5 prosent av det kontrollerte foryngelsesarealet. Dette er om lag samme omfang som i 2014 (11,2 prosent). Andelen som ikke er tilplantet eller tilrettelagt for naturlig foryngelse, er blitt mindre etter at en i 2010 endret kontrollopplegget noe ved å øke antallet år fra hogst til kontroll fra to til tre år, og har deretter ligget ganske stabilt på 10-12 prosent av det totale foryngelsesarealet. Resultatene viser at det var behov for oppfølgingstiltak i en eller annen form på om lag halvparten av det totale foryngelsesarealet fra hogståret 2012, som er estimert til 440 384 dekar. De senere årene har andelen av hogstarealet hvor det foreligger miljøregistrering før hogst økt vesentlig, fra 73,7 prosent i 2010 til 92,7 prosent i 2015. Det er foretatt kontroll av 523 veganlegg i 2015, hvorav 520 anlegg ble godkjent samme år. Den tekniske og landskapsmessige standarden på ferdigstilte anlegg har over lang tid vært god, og dette er også hovedbildet i 2015. Det er godkjent og avsluttet 9 takstprosjekter som omfatter ca. 1,7 millioner dekar takstareal i 2015. Dette er betydelig lavere enn i 2014, men på nivå med 2013. Gjennomsnittskostnaden for skogbruksplanlegging var 9,2 kroner per dekar. Alle godkjente takstprosjekter er av fylkesmennene rapportert til å være i samsvar med forskriftens krav.
Forfattere
Jutta Kapfer Radim Hédl Gerald Jurasinski Martin Kopecký Fride Høistad Schei John-Arvid GrytnesSammendrag
Background: Resurveying historical vegetation plots has become more and more popular in recent years as it provides a unique opportunity to estimate vegetation and environmental changes over the past decades. Most historical plots, however, are not permanentlymarked and uncertainty in plot location, in addition to observer bias and seasonal bias, may add significant errors to temporal change. These errorsmay havemajor implications for the reliability of studies on long-term environmental change and deserve closer attention of vegetation ecologists. Methods: Vegetation data obtained from the resurveying of non-permanently marked plots are assessed for their potential to study environmental change effects on plant communities and the challenges the use of such data have to meet. We describe the properties of vegetation resurveys, distinguishing basic types of plots according to relocation error, and we highlight the potential of such data types for studying vegetation dynamics and their drivers. Finally, we summarize the challenges and limitations of resurveying non-permanently marked vegetation plots for different purposes in environmental change research. Results and conclusions: Re-sampling error is caused by three main independent sources of error: error caused by plot relocation, observer bias and seasonality bias. For relocation error, vegetation plots can be divided into permanent and non-permanent plots, while the latter are further divided into quasi-permanent (with approximate relocation) and non-traceable (with random relocation within a sampled area) plots. To reduce the inherent sources of error in resurvey data, the following precautions should be followed: (i) resurvey historical vegetation plots whose approximate plot location within a study area is known; (ii) consider all information available from historical studies in order to keep plot relocation errors low; (iii) resurvey at times of the year when vegetation development is comparable to the historical survey to control for seasonal variability in vegetation; (iv) retain a high level of experience of the observers to keep observer bias low; and (v) edit and standardize data sets before analyses.
Populærvitenskapelig – Rett haustetid for bringebær
Jon Anders Stavang, Ola M. Heide, Anita Sønsteby
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Ellen Johanne SvalheimSammendrag
Naturtypen artsrik slåttemark er sterkt trua ifølge Norsk rødliste for naturtyper, og ble i 2011 utvalgt naturtype (UN) med en viss beskyttelse gjennom lov om Naturmangfold. På oppdrag for Fylkesmannen i Buskerud fikk Ellen Svalheim, NIBIO, i 2016 i oppdrag å revidere skjøtselsplanen for den 31 daa store slåttemarka på Ryghsetra i Nedre Eiker kommune. Slåtteenga har verdi A- svært viktig. Det var i 2016 fem år siden første skjøtselsplan ble utarbeid. Revideringsprosessen har bestått i å sammenstille kartleggingsdata fra enga og erfaringer fra skjøtselen. Samt å oppsummere slåttekursarbeidet til Naturvernforbundet i Buskerud da siste slåttekurs vil holdes i 2018. Videre har det vært viktig å ivareta de nye eiernes ønsker og behov om framtidig drift av den verdifulle enga.
Forfattere
Sanford D. Eigenbrode A. Nicholas E. Birch Summer Lindzey Richard Meadow William E. SnyderSammendrag
1. Push-pull or stimulo-deterrent cropping systems combine a trap crop or other attractant or arrestant stimulus distant from the crop and a deterrent or repellent near or within the target crop, to divert pests, reducing their populations on the target crop. Although the concept is decades old, there are few successful applications in pest management. 2. In this article, we address this shortcoming by offering a mechanistic conceptual framework of push-pull systems, based on the cues, sensory modalities, pest behaviours and spatial ranges over which they can occur during host selection and that can influence pest distribution. 3. We review published work on push-pull systems in the light of this framework, finding that the literature tends to focus on longer-range stimulo-deterrence strategies rather than the full range of cues involved and modalities that can come into play, with imperfect understanding of cues involved in most systems. 4. The imbalance in research emphasis and incomplete understanding of push-pull mechanisms suggest opportunities to improve and broaden the palette of potential push-pull technologies. 5. The framework also helps clarify other aspects important for achieving success with push-pull methods, including the role of synergy, deployment geometry, intraspecific variability and the wider arthropod community in these systems. 6. Synthesis and applications. A conceptual and mechanistic framework is provided for the development of push-pull or stimulo-deterrent pest management approaches. This framework informs a proposed research agenda for designing push-pull technologies. That agenda involves including all cues and modalities, exploiting synergies, tuning deployment geometry in accordance with these factors. It also considers pest and crop dynamics and the arthropod community of the system. The framework can benefit managers by helping them to consider more fully the behaviour of the target pests when creating crop and non-crop geometries to achieve push-pull benefits. Research-based push-pull systems will be better implemented and modified by producers if they understand how insects respond to sources of push and pull in the system, allowing effective monitoring and fine-tuning to increase effectiveness of this specialized component of integrated pest management.
Forfattere
Yanliang Wang Tore Krogstad Jihong Liu Clarke Moritz Hallama Anne K. Falk Øgaard Susanne Eich-Greatorex Ellen Kandeler Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
Many arable lands have accumulated large reserves of residual phosphorus (P) and a relatively large proportion of soil P is less available for uptake by plants. Root released organic anions are widely documented as a key physiological strategy to enhance P availability, while limited information has been generated on the contribution of rhizosphere organic anions to P utilization by crops grown in agricultural soils that are low in available P and high in extractable Ca, Al, and Fe. We studied the role of rhizosphere organic anions in P uptake from residual P in four common crops Triticum aestivum, Avena sativa, Solanum tuberosum, and Brassica napus in low- and high-P availability agricultural soils from long-term fertilization field trials in a mini-rhizotron experiment with four replications. Malate was generally the dominant organic anion. More rhizosphere citrate was detected in low P soils than in high P soil. B. napus showed 74–103% increase of malate in low P loam, compared with clay loam. A. sativa had the greatest rhizosphere citrate concentration in all soils (5.3–15.2 μmol g−1 root DW). A. sativa also showed the highest level of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; 36 and 40%), the greatest root mass ratio (0.51 and 0.66) in the low-P clay loam and loam respectively, and the greatest total P uptake (5.92 mg P/mini-rhizotron) in the low-P loam. B. napus had 15–44% more rhizosphere acid phosphatase (APase) activity, ~0.1–0.4 units lower rhizosphere pH than other species, the greatest increase in rhizosphere water-soluble P in the low-P soils, and the greatest total P uptake in the low-P clay loam. Shoot P content was mainly explained by rhizosphere APase activity, water-soluble P and pH within low P soils across species. Within species, P uptake was mainly linked to rhizosphere water soluble P, APase, and pH in low P soils. The effects of rhizosphere organic anions varied among species and they appeared to play minor roles in improving P availability and uptake.
Sammendrag
Shelf life of plum is limited by several factors, including development of fungal decay. In either one or two seasons, European plum cultivars were exposed to different applications of calcium or fungicide before harvest or left unsprayed. On the experimental trees, the yield was harvested as commercial practice, giving a sample of fruit with a range in maturity acceptable for sale. The yield was divided into two groups, less and more ripened fruit. Fruit samples from each group were stored for 10-14 days at 4°C followed by a simulated shelf life period of 2-3 days at 20°C. Fruit quality was assessed at harvest and after storage. Number of fruit with fungal decay was counted at the end of storage and after simulated shelf life. At harvest, the more ripened fruit had higher weight, soluble solids content, background and cover colour, and lower firmness in most of the experiments. Fruit from trees sprayed six times with calcium had higher weight in first year, but not in second, was less ripen as measured by colour and firmness on some cultivars, but not on others. Time of fungicide application had no effect on fruit quality at harvest. Differences in fruit quality at harvest were most often similar after storage. Fruit grouped as more mature at harvest developed more fungal decay after simulated shelf life than less mature fruit in five of eight experiments. In one out of six experiments calcium applications reduced development of postharvest fungal decay. Fungicide applications had no effect on postharvest fungal decay in either of four experiments. The present results indicate that the ripening degree of plum fruit is more important for development of fungal decay than preharvest applications of calcium or fungicides