Nicholas Clarke
Seniorforsker
Biografi
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Shu Zhang Lingbo Meng Jian Hou Xiaodan Liu Abiola O. Ogundeji Zeyu Cheng Tengjiao Yin Nicholas Clarke Baozhong Hu Shumin LiSammendrag
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Inge Stupak Nicholas Clarke Andis Lazdins Iveta Kabasinskiene Diana Lukmine Dagnija LazdinaSammendrag
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Martin Forsius Maximilian Posch Maria Holmberg Jussi Vuorenmaa Sirpa Kleemola Algirdas Augustaitis Burkhard Beudert Witold Bochenek Nicholas Clarke Heleen de Wit Thomas Dirnböck Jane Frey Ulf Grandin Hannele Hakola Johannes Kobler Pavel Krám Antti-Jussi Lindroos Stefan Löfgren Tomasz Pecka Pernilla Rönnback Krzysztof Skotak Józef Szpikowski Liisa Ukonmaanaho Salar Valinia Milan VáňaSammendrag
Anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) compounds and their long-range transport have caused widespread negative impacts on different ecosystems. Critical loads (CLs) are deposition thresholds used to describe the sensitivity of ecosystems to atmospheric deposition. The CL methodology has been a key science-based tool for assessing the environmental consequences of air pollution. We computed CLs for eutrophication and acidification using a European long-term dataset of intensively studied forested ecosystem sites (n = 17) in northern and central Europe. The sites belong to the ICP IM and eLTER networks. The link between the site-specific calculations and time-series of CL exceedances and measured site data was evaluated using long-term measurements (1990–2017) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry. Novel techniques for presenting exceedances of CLs and their temporal development were also developed. Concentrations and fluxes of sulphate, total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and acidity in deposition substantially decreased at the sites. Decreases in S deposition resulted in statistically significant decreased concentrations and fluxes of sulphate in runoff and decreasing trends of TIN in runoff were more common than increasing trends. The temporal developments of the exceedance of the CLs indicated the more effective reductions of S deposition compared to N at the sites. There was a relation between calculated exceedance of the CLs and measured runoff water concentrations and fluxes, and most sites with higher CL exceedances showed larger decreases in both TIN and H+ concentrations and fluxes. Sites with higher cumulative exceedance of eutrophication CLs (averaged over 3 and 30 years) generally showed higher TIN concentrations in runoff. The results provided evidence on the link between CL exceedances and empirical impacts, increasing confidence in the methodology used for the European-scale CL calculations. The results also confirm that emission abatement actions are having their intended effects on CL exceedances and ecosystem impacts.
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Annet – Effects of intensive biomass harvesting on soil organic carbon and nutrients
Nicholas Clarke
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Lars Pødenphant Kiær O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Lars Vesterdal Inge Stupak Leena Finér Staffan Jacobson Kestutis Armolaitis Dagnija Lazdina Helena Marta Stefánsdóttir Bjarni D. SigurdssonSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Lars Pødenphant Kiær O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Lars Vesterdal Inge Stupak Leena Finér Staffan Jacobson Kestutis Armolaitis Dagnija Lazdina Helena Marta Stefánsdóttir Bjarni D. SigurdssonSammendrag
The use of biomass from forest harvesting residues or stumps for bioenergy has been increasing in the northern European region in the last decade. The present analysis is a regional review from Nordic and UK coniferous forests, focusing on the effects of whole-tree harvesting (WTH) or whole-tree thinning (WTT) and of WTH followed by stump removal (WTH + S) on the forest floor and mineral soil, and includes a wider array of chemistry data than other existing meta-analyses. All intensified treaments led to significant decreases of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and total N stock in the forest floor (FF), but relative responses compared with stem-only harvesting were less consistent in the topsoil (TS) and no effects were detected in the subsoil (SS). Exchangeable P was reduced in the FF and TS both after WTT and WTH, but significant changes in exchangeable Ca, K, Mg and Zn depended on soil layer and treatment. WTH significantly lowered pH and base saturation (BS) in the FF, but without apparent changes in cation exchange capacity (CEC). The only significant WTH-effects in the SS were reductions in CEC and BS. Spruce- and pine-dominated stands had comparable negative relative responses in the FF for most elements measured except Mg and for pH. Relative responses to intensified harvesting scaled positively with growing season temperature and precipitation for most variables, most strongly in FF, less in the TS, but almost never in the SS, but were negative for P and Al. The greater reduction in FF and TS for soil organic carbon after intensive harvesting decreased with time and meta-regression models predicted an average duration of 20–30 years, while many other chemical parameters generally showed linear effects for 30–45 years after intensified harvesting. Exchangeable acidity (EA), BS and pH all showed the reversed effect with time, i.e. an initial increase and then gradual decrease over 24–45 years. The subsoil never showed a significant temporal effect. Our results generally support greater reductions in nutrient concentrations, SOC and total N in forest soil after WTH compared with SOH in northern temperate and boreal forest ecosystems.
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I 2014 ble det utgitt en rapport om skoggjødsling som klimatiltak, hvor det ut fra hensyn til vannmiljø ble stipulert en hensynssone for nitrogengjødsling av skog og et arealmessig tak for gjødsling innenfor denne sonen. Hensynssonen omfattet deler av Rogaland, Sørlandet og deler av Østlandet rundt Oslofjorden, hvor det ble definert et maksimalt tak på 25 000 daa som kunne gjødsles over en tidsperiode på 5 år. Denne rapporten har vurdert konklusjonene i 2014-rapporten på nytt, og etter en gjennomgang av relevante overvåkingsdata fram til i dag, samt nyere litteratur, finner vi ikke grunnlag for verken å lempe på eller å skjerpe begrensningene innenfor hensynssonen som ble definert da tilskuddsordningen ble lansert i 2016. For å bedre kunnskapsgrunnlaget er det behov for mer systematisk og langsiktig overvåking av effekter av skoggjødsling, ulike hogstmetoder og tiltak for å redusere belastningen på vannforekomster.
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Forfattere
Arne Verstraeten Elena Gottardini Nicolas Bruffaerts Fabiana Cristofolini Elena Vanguelova Johan Neirynck Gerrit Genouw Bruno de Vos Peter Waldner Anne Thimonier Anita Nussbaumer Mathias Neumann Sue Benham Pasi Rautio Liisa Ukonmaanaho Päivi Merilä Annika Saarto Jukka Reiniharju Peter Roskams Geert Sioen Nathalie Cools Nicholas Clarke Volkmar Timmermann Hans-Peter Dietrich Manuel Nicolas Maria Schmitt Katrin Meusburger Silvio Schüler Anna Kowalska Idalia Kasprzyk Katarzyna Kluska Łukasz Grewling Joanna Święta-Musznicka Małgorzata Latałowa Marcelina Zimny Małgorzata Malkiewicz Lars Vesterdal Miklós Manninger Donat Magyar Hugues Titeux Gunilla Pihl-Karlsson Marco FerrettiSammendrag
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Background Bioenergy plays a key role in the transition to a sustainable economy in Europe, but its own sustainability is being questioned. We study the experiences of Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway, to find out whether the forest-based bioenergy chains developed in the four countries have led to unsustainable outcomes and how the countries manage the sustainability risks. Data were collected from a diversity of sources including interviews, statistical databases, the scientific literature, government planning documents and legislation. Results Sustainability risks of deforestation, degradation of forests, reduced carbon pools in forests, expensive biopower and heat, resource competition, and lack of acceptance at the local level are considered. The experience of the four countries shows that the sustainability risks can to a high degree be managed with voluntary measures without resorting to prescriptive measures. It is possible to add to the carbon pools of forests along with higher harvest volumes if the risks are well managed. There is, however, a marginal trade-off between harvest volume and carbon pools. Economic sustainability risks may be more challenging than ecological risks because the competitiveness order of renewable energy technologies has been reversed in the last decade. The risk of resource competition harming other sectors in the economy was found to be small and manageable but requires continuous monitoring. Local communities acting as bioenergy communities have been agents of change behind the most expansive bioenergy chains. A fear of non-local actors reaping the economic gains involved in bioenergy chains was found to be one of the risks to the trust and acceptance necessary for local communities to act as bioenergy communities. Conclusions The Nordic experience shows that it has been possible to manage the sustainability risks examined in this paper to an extent avoiding unsustainable outcomes. Sustainability risks have been managed by developing an institutional framework involving laws, regulations, standards and community commitments. Particularly on the local level, bioenergy chains should be developed with stakeholder involvement in development and use, in order to safeguard the legitimacy of bioenergy development and reconcile tensions between the global quest for a climate neutral economy and the local quest for an economically viable community. Keywords: Bioenergy, Sustainability, Risk assessment, Risk management, Nordic countries
Forfattere
Volkmar Timmermann Andreas Myki Beachell May Bente Brurberg Isabella Børja Nicholas Clarke Inger Sundheim Fløistad Ari Hietala Gro Hylen Jane Uhd Jepsen Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Martin Pettersson Sverre Solberg Halvor Solheim Venche Talgø Ole Petter Laksforsmo Vindstad Bjørn Økland Wenche AasSammendrag
Skogens helsetilstand påvirkes i stor grad av klima og værforhold, enten direkte ved tørke, frost og vind, eller indirekte ved at klimaet påvirker omfanget av soppsykdommer og insektangrep. Klimaendringene og den forventede økningen i klimarelaterte skogskader gir store utfordringer for forvaltningen av framtidas skogressurser. Det samme gjør invaderende skadegjørere, både allerede etablerte arter og nye som kan komme til Norge i nær framtid. I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra skogskadeovervåkingen i Norge i 2020 og trender over tid. I den landsrepresentative skogovervåkingen har kronetettheten hos gran og furu holdt seg stabil i 2020 sammenlignet med tidligere år. Det ble registrert lite misfarging hos bartrærne. Skadenivået hos både bartrær, bjørk og andre løvtrær var lavere enn i 2019. Abiotiske faktorer med snø, vind og tørke som de viktigste årsakene dominerte skadebildet hos alle treslag. Kjemiske analyser av luft og nedbør i den intensive skogovervåkingen viser at det fortsatt er høyest verdier av antropogene svovel- og nitrogenforbindelser på den sørligste overvåkingsflata i Birkenes grunnet langtransportert forurensing. Den høyeste konsentrasjonen av nitrogendioksid i luft ble målt på stasjonen i Hurdal i 2020, noe som skyldes utslipp fra veitrafikken i regionen. Det var lave nivåer av bakkenært ozon i Norge i 2020 og ingen overskridelser av UNECEs grenseverdi på 5000 ppb-timer for skog. Vegetasjonsanalysene fra Hurdal har påvist en endring i bunn-vegetasjonens artssammensetning grunnet økt lystilgang og mye barnålstrø. Både hogst utenfor overvåkingsflata og flere skrantende, råteangrepne og døde grantrær i flata har bidratt til økt lystilgang og til større strømengde på bakken. Mange grantrær på flata i Hurdal er sterkt preget av råte med lav kronetetthet og mye misfarging. Flere trær på flata har dødd de seinere årene som følge av råteskader, ofte i kombinasjon med andre faktorer som vindfelling og skader etter tørken i 2018 med påfølgende barkbilleangrep. Overvåking av bjørkemålere har vist at fjellbjørkeskogen både i Nord-Norge og fjellregionene i sørlige halvdel av landet har vært utsatt for betydelige utbrudd av bjørkemålere i løpet av perioden 2012–2018. Overvåkingsdata fra 2019 og 2020 tyder imidlertid på at målerbestandene nå er lave eller i sterk tilbakegang i det meste av landet. I Troms har målerbestandene allerede nådd et bunnpunkt, og bestandene er nedadgående også i fjellet i Sør-Norge. Vi forventer derfor at skogen i mesteparten av Norge vil bli mindre utsatt for angrep av bjørkemålere de neste par årene. De fleste fylkene hadde en økning i fangstverdiene i barkbilleovervåkingen i 2020-sesongen. Alle fangstverdiene var imidlertid under 10 000 biller per felle, mens de høyeste verdiene ved slutten av utbruddet på 1970-tallet var rundt 25 000 biller per felle. Fylkene rundt Oslofjorden hadde noen lokale tilfeller av tørke- og barkbilleskader. Det ble ikke funnet noen tydelig økning av fellefangstene i tiden for en annen generasjon, men modellberegninger viser at stor granbarkbille har nok døgngrader til å gjennomføre to generasjoner før overvintring. I august 2020 ble soppen Diplodia sapinea funnet på sterkt skadet vrifuru i Ås kommune. Tidligere har det blitt gjort noen få funn av soppen på andre bartrearter i det samme området. D. sapinea er vanlig i varmere strøk på flere kontinenter, spesielt på furuarter. De pågående klima-endringene har trolig bidratt til at soppen har kunnet spre og etablere seg mot nord, men vi kan heller ikke utelukke innførsel av soppen via plantemateriale til bruk i grøntanlegg eller skog. D. sapinea er trolig bare i etableringsfasen i Norge, og har til dags dato gjort liten skade på våre stedegne bartrær.....
Forfattere
Brian D. Titus Kevin Brown Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari Elena Vanguelova Inge Stupak Alexander Evans Nicholas Clarke Claudia Guidi Viktor J. Bruckman Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene Kestutis Armolaitis Wim de Vries Keizo Hirai Lilli Kaarakka Karen Hogg Pam ReeceSammendrag
Forest biomass harvesting guidelines help ensure the ecological sustainability of forest residue harvesting for bioenergy and bioproducts, and hence contribute to social license for a growing bioeconomy. Guidelines, typically voluntary, provide a means to achieve outcomes often required by legislation, and must address needs related to local or regional context, jurisdictional compatibility with regulations, issues of temporal and spatial scale, and incorporation of appropriate scientific information. Given this complexity, comprehensive reviews of existing guidelines can aid in development of new guidelines or revision of existing ones. We reviewed 32 guidelines covering 43 jurisdictions in the USA, Canada, Europe and East Asia to expand upon information evaluated and recommendations provided in previous guideline reviews, and compiled a searchable spreadsheet of direct quotations from documents as a foundation for our review. Guidelines were considered in the context of sustainable forest management (SFM), focusing on guideline scope and objectives, environmental sustainability concerns (soils, site productivity, biodiversity, water and carbon) and social concerns (visual aesthetics, recreation, and preservation of cultural, historical and archaeological sites). We discuss the role of guidelines within the context of other governance mechanisms such as SFM policies, trade regulations and non-state market-driven (NSMD) standards, including certification systems. The review provides a comprehensive resource for those developing guidelines, or defining sustainability standards for market access or compliance with public regulations, and/or concerned about the sustainability of forest biomass harvesting. We recommend that those developing or updating guidelines consider (i) the importance of well-defined and understood terminology, consistent where possible with guidelines in other jurisdictions or regions; (ii) guidance based on locally relevant research, and periodically updated to incorporate current knowledge and operational experience; (iii) use of indicators of sensitive soils, sites, and stands which are relevant to ecological processes and can be applied operationally; and (iv) incorporation of climate impacts, long-term soil carbon storage, and general carbon balance considerations when defining sustainable forest biomass availability. Successful implementation of guidelines depends both on the relevance of the information and on the process used to develop and communicate it; hence, appropriate stakeholders should be involved early in guideline development.
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Inge Stupak Nicholas Clarke Andis Lazdins Iveta Kabasinskiene Diana Lukmine Dagnija LazdinaSammendrag
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Frode Sundnes Marianne Karlsson Froukje Maria Platjouw Nicholas Clarke Øyvind Kaste Salar ValiniaSammendrag
While the role of forestry in mitigating climate change is increasingly subject to political commitment, other areas, such as water protection, may be at risk. In this study, we ask whether surface waters are sufficiently safeguarded in relation to the 2015 launch of a series of measures to intensify forest management for mitigation of climate change in Norway. First, we assess how impacts on water are accounted for in existing regulations for sustainable forestry. Secondly, we provide an overview of the impacts of forestry on water quality relevant to three support schemes: afforestation on new areas, increased stocking density in existing forests, and forest fertilisation. Lastly, we assess the uncertainties that exist with regard to surface waters in the implementation of these measures. We find that the safeguards in place are adequate to protect water resources at the point of initiation, but there is a large degree of uncertainty as to the long-term effect of these mitigation measures.
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Denne rapporten er en litteratursammenstilling over tap av suspendert stoff, fosfor og nitrogen fra arealer med hhv. jordbruk og skog/utmark. I tillegg er det gjort en vurdering av tilsvarende tap i perioden der nydyrking gjennomføres. I de norske studiene som er gjennomgått er gjennomsnittlige tap av nitrogen 17 ganger høyere fra jordbruk enn fra skog. Tilsvarende er fosfortap 56 ganger høyere og tap av suspendert stoff 106 ganger høyere fra jordbruk enn fra skog.
Forfattere
Jiangsan Zhao Dmitry Kechasov Boris Rewald Gernot Bodner Michel Verheul Nicholas Clarke Jihong Liu ClarkeSammendrag
Hyperspectral imaging has many applications. However, the high device costs and low hyperspectral image resolution are major obstacles limiting its wider application in agriculture and other fields. Hyperspectral image reconstruction from a single RGB image fully addresses these two problems. The robust HSCNN-R model with mean relative absolute error loss function and evaluated by the Mean Relative Absolute Error metric was selected through permutation tests from models with combinations of loss functions and evaluation metrics, using tomato as a case study. Hyperspectral images were subsequently reconstructed from single tomato RGB images taken by a smartphone camera. The reconstructed images were used to predict tomato quality properties such as the ratio of soluble solid content to total titratable acidity and normalized anthocyanin index. Both predicted parameters showed very good agreement with corresponding “ground truth” values and high significance in an F test. This study showed the suitability of hyperspectral image reconstruction from single RGB images for fruit quality control purposes, underpinning the potential of the technology—recovering hyperspectral properties in high resolution—for real-world, real time monitoring applications in agriculture any beyond.
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Skogen i Norge har et årlig netto opptak i underkant av 30 mill. tonn CO2. Størrelsen på opptaket påvirkes av forvaltningen av skogarealene, både gjennom endringer i totalarealet (avskoging og påskoging), og forvaltningen av de eksisterende skogarealene. I denne rapporten presenteres en første vurdering av syv klimatiltak som ikke tidligere er utredet, en kunnskapsoppdatering av noen tidligere utredede klimatiltak, og en framskrivning av mulige effekter på netto CO2-opptak av ulike nivå på implementerte tiltak. Rapporten er skrevet på bestilling fra Landbruksdirektoratet og Miljødirektoratet, og det er direktoratene som har gjort utvalget av tiltak....
Forfattere
Gunnhild Søgaard Gry Alfredsen Clara Antón Fernández Rasmus Astrup Helmer Belbo Nicholas Clarke Rune Eriksen Aksel Granhus Kjersti Holt Hanssen Ari Hietala Frans Kockum Christian Wilhelm Mohr Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Jogeir N. Stokland Jennie Sverker Tonje Ingeborg ØklandSammendrag
Det årlige netto opptaket i skogen i Norge økte frem til 2009 (over 35 mill. tonn), og har etter det vist en avtakende trend. I 2018 var det et netto opptak på i underkant av 28 millioner tonn CO2- ekvivalenter. Størrelsen på opptaket påvirkes av forvaltningen av skogarealene, både gjennom endringer i totalarealet (avskoging og påskoging), og forvaltningen av de eksisterende skogarealene. I en første rapport til Klimakur 2030 – skrevet på oppdrag fra Miljødirektorat og Landbruksdirektoratet - ble det presentert en første vurdering av syv klimatiltak som ikke tidligere var utredet, samt en kunnskapsoppdatering for noen tidligere utredede klimatiltak. I denne rapporten presenteres ytterligere vurderinger av fire av disse tiltakene; ungskogpleie, grøfterensk, stubbebehandling mot råte og gjødsling med treaske. Rapporten er skrevet på bestilling fra Landbruks- og matdepartementet (LMD) og Klima- og miljødepartementet (KLD), og det er departementene som har gjort utvalget av tiltak som skulle vurderes videre...
Forfattere
Volkmar Timmermann Kjell Andreassen Andreas Myki Beachell Isabella Børja May Bente Brurberg Nicholas Clarke Rune Halvorsen Gro Hylen Jane Uhd Jepsen Juliana Perminow Sverre Solberg Halvor Solheim Venche Talgø Mari Mette Tollefsrud Ole Petter Laksforsmo Vindstad Bjørn Økland Tonje Ingeborg Økland Wenche AasSammendrag
Skogens helsetilstand påvirkes i stor grad av klima og værforhold, enten direkte ved tørke, frost og vind, eller indirekte ved at klimaet påvirker omfanget av soppsykdommer og insektangrep. Klimaendringene og den forventede økningen i klimarelaterte skogskader gir store utfordringer for forvaltningen av framtidas skogressurser. Det samme gjør invaderende skadegjørere, både allerede etablerte arter og nye som kan komme til Norge i nær framtid. I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra skogskadeovervåkingen i Norge i 2019 og trender over tid.....
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Inge Stupak Tat Smith Nicholas Clarke Teodorita Al-Seadi Lina Beniušienė Niclas Scott Bentsen Quentin Cheung Virginia Dale Jinke van Dam Rocio Diaz-Chavez Uwe Fritsche Martyn Futter Jianbang Gan Kaija Hakala Thomas Horschig Martin Junginger Yoko Kitigawa Brian Kittler Keith Kline Charles Lalonde Søren Larsen Dagnija Lazdina Thuy P. T. Mai-Moulin Maha Mansoor Edmund Mupondwa Shyam Nair Nathaniel Newlands Liviu Nichiforel Marjo Palviainen John Stanturf Kay Schaubach Johanny Arilexis Perez Sierra Vita Tilvikiene Brian Titus Daniela Thrän Sergio Ugarte Liisa Ukonmaanaho Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene Maria WellischSammendrag
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Humic substances are important indicators of soil fertility. The fluorescence properties of humic acids from black soils in Harbin, northeast China, were investigated, after long-term fertilization using treatments with or without mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure. Excitation and emission matrices combined with parallel factor analysis were used to investigate the structure of the humic acid. Principal component analysis was performed to select the most suitable parameters for the description of humic acid. The dimension reduction for the original fluorescence parameters extracted two principal components. By using the two principal component scores as a new index for clustering, it was concluded that long-term fertilization treatments in black soil in Harbin clustered into three groups of manure + NPK and organic manure treatments, NPK treatment, and soil without any fertilization. Manure + NPK fertilization and manure fertilization alone led to a higher degree of humification than NPK only or the control. We conclude that long-term fertilization with organic matter with or without NPK could increase the humification degree of these soils.
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Jyrki Jauhiainen Jukka Alm Brynhildur Bjarnadottir Ingeborg Callesen Jesper R Christiansen Nicholas Clarke Lise Dalsgaard Hongxing He Sabine Jordan Vaiva Kazanavičiūtė Leif Klemedtsson Ari Laurén Andis Lazdiņš Aleksi Lehtonen Annalea Lohila Ainars Lupikis Ülo Mander Kari Minkkinen Åsa Kasimir Mats Olsson Paavo Ojanen Hlynur Óskarsson Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Gunnhild Søgaard Kaido Soosaar Lars Vesterdal Raija LaihoSammendrag
Drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate climate zones are believed to be significant sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), but the annual fluxes are still highly uncertain. Drained organic soils exemplify systems where many studies are still carried out with relatively small resources, several methodologies and manually operated systems, which further involve different options for the detailed design of the measurement and data analysis protocols for deriving the annual flux. It would be beneficial to set certain guidelines for how to measure and report the data, so that data from individual studies could also be used in synthesis work based on data collation and modelling. Such synthesis work is necessary for deciphering general patterns and trends related to, e.g., site types, climate, and management, and the development of corresponding emission factors, i.e. estimates of the net annual soil GHG emission and removal, which can be used in GHG inventories. Development of specific emission factors also sets prerequisites for the background or environmental data to be reported in individual studies. We argue that wide applicability greatly increases the value of individual studies. An overall objective of this paper is to support future monitoring campaigns in obtaining high-value data. We analysed peer-reviewed publications presenting CO2, CH4 and N2O flux data for drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate climate zones, focusing on data that have been used, or have the potential to be used, for estimating net annual soil GHG emissions and removals. We evaluated the methods used in data collection and identified major gaps in background or environmental data. Based on these, we formulated recommendations for future research.
Forfattere
Volkmar Timmermann Kjell Andreassen May Bente Brurberg Isabella Børja Nicholas Clarke Daniel Flø Jane Uhd Jepsen Torstein Kvamme Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Per Holm Nygaard Martin Pettersson Sverre Solberg Halvor Solheim Venche Talgø Ole Petter Laksforsmo Vindstad Gro Wollebæk Bjørn Økland Wenche AasSammendrag
Skogens helsetilstand påvirkes i stor grad av klima og værforhold, enten direkte ved tørke, frost og vind, eller indirekte ved at klimaet påvirker omfanget av soppsykdommer og insektangrep. Klimaendringene og den forventede økningen i klimarelaterte skogskader gir store utfordringer for forvaltningen av framtidas skogressurser. Det samme gjør invaderende skadegjørere, både allerede etablerte arter og nye som kan komme til Norge i nær framtid. I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra skogskadeovervåkingen i Norge i 2018 og trender over tid for følgende temaer: (i) Landsrepresentativ skogovervåking; (ii) Skogøkologiske analyser og målinger av luftkjemi på de intensive overvåkingsflatene; (iii) Overvåking av bjørkemålere i Troms og Finnmark; (iv) Granbarkbilleovervåking – utvikling av barkbillepopulasjonene i 2018; (v) Ny barkbille på vei – vil den like klimaet?; (vi) Phytophthora i importert jord på prydplanter og faren det utgjør for skog; (vii) Overvåking av askeskuddsyke; (viii) Skog- og utmarksbranner i 2018; (ix) Andre spesielle skogskader i 2018...….
Forfattere
Volkmar Timmermann Nicholas Clarke Jane Uhd Jepsen Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Bjørn Økland Tonje Ingeborg Økland Wenche AasSammendrag
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Forfattere
Arne Verstraeten Elena Gottardini Nicolas Bruffaerts Bruno De Vos Elena Vanguelova Fabiana Cristofolini Sue Benham Pasi Rautio Liisa Ukonmaanaho Päivi Merilä Annika Saarto Peter Waldner Marijke Hendrickx Gerrit Genouw Peter Roskams Nathalie Cools Johan Neirynck Anita Nussbaumer Mathias Neumann Nicholas Clarke Volkmar Timmermann Karin Hansen Hans-Peter Dietrich Manuel Nicolas Maria Schmitt Anne Thimonier Katrin Meusburger Silvio Schüler Anna KowalskaSammendrag
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The objective of this study was to make an overview assessment of the potential effects of intensified forest management, promoted by the Norwegian government as a climate mitigation measure, on water quality in Norwegian surface waters. This study evaluated the following measures for forest intensification: (i) afforestation, (ii) intensification of planting and (iii) nitrogen fertilization shortly before harvest. A substantial literature review was made and a further development of the DWARF- framework tailored for Norwegian conditions provided the base for the study. The assessments were made based on the potential effects after forest harvest, using different management strategies like stem-only harvest and whole-three harvest. The potential effects were analysed on multiple parameters with focus on acidification, eutrophication, heavy metals, and carbon sequestration. The study used temporal resolution to address what effects the forest management practices might lead to 1, 10 and 100 years after harvest. This study concludes that there will be trade-offs between transitioning to a low carbon society and water quality, and the severity of effects may differ if they are evaluated on an annual, decadal or century scale.
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Arne Verstraeten Elena Gottardini Nicolas Bruffaerts Bruno De Vos Elena Vanguelova Fabiana Cristofolini Gerrit Genouw Anita Nussbaumer Mathias Neumann Sue Benham Pasi Rautio Liisa Ukonmaanaho Päivi Merilä Annika Saarto Jukka Reiniharju Peter Waldner Marijke Hendrickx Peter Roskams Nathalie Cools Johan Neirynck Arthur De Haeck Yvan De Bodt Geert Sioen Nicholas Clarke Volkmar Timmermann Karin Hansen Hans-Peter Dietrich Manuel Nicolas Maria Schmitt Anne Thimonier Katrin Meusburger Silvio Schüler Anna Kowalska Idalia Kasprzyk Katarzyna Borycka Łukasz Grewling Joanna Święta-Musznicka Małgorzata Latałowa Marcelina Zimny Małgorzata Malkiewicz Lars Vesterdal Iben Margrete Thomsen Miklós Manninger Donat Magyar Gergely Mányoki Hugues TiteuxSammendrag
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Inge Stupak Tat Smith Nicholas Clarke Teodorita Al-Seadi Lina Beniušienė Niclas Scott Bentsen Quentin Cheung Virginia Dale Jinke van Dam Rocio Diaz-Chavez Uwe Fritsche Martyn Futter Jianbang Gan Kaija Hakala Thomas Horschig Martin Junginger Yoko Kitigawa Brian Kittler Keith Kline Charles Lalonde Søren Larsen Dagnija Lazdina Thuy P. T. Mai-Moulin Maha Mansoor Edmund Mupondwa Shyam Nair Nathaniel Newlands Liviu Nichiforel Marjo Palviainen John Stanturf Kay Schaubach Johanny Arilexis Perez Sierra Vita Tilvikiene Brian Titus Daniela Thrän Sergio Ugarte Liisa Ukonmaanaho Iveta Varnagyrite-Kabasinkiene Maria WellischSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Arne Verstraeten Elena Gottardini Elena Vanguelova Peter Waldner Nicolas Bruffaerts Anita Nussbaumer Mathias Neumann Nicholas Clarke Karin Hansen Pasi Rautio Liisa UkonmaanahoSammendrag
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Frode Sundnes Marianne Karlsson Froukje Maria Platjouw Salar Valinia Nicholas Clarke Øyvind KasteSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Inge Stupak Tat Smith Nicholas Clarke Niclas Scott Bentsen Virginia Dale Jinke van Dam Rocio Diaz-Chavez Ulrike Eppler Uwe Fritsche Martyn Futter Jianbang Gan Kaija Hakala Thomas Horschig Martin Junginger Keith Kline Søren Larsen Charles Lalonde Maha Mansoor Thuy P.T. Mai-Moulin Shyam Nair Liviu Nichiforel Marjo Palviainen John Stanturf Kay Schaubach Vita Tilvikiene Brian Titus Daniela Thrän Liisa Ukonmaanaho Maria WellischSammendrag
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Brian Titus Kendrick Brown Inge Stupak Helja-Sisko Helmisaari Viktor Bruckman Alexander Evans Elena Vanguelova Nicholas Clarke Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene Kestutis ArmolaitisSammendrag
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Jussi Vuorenmaa Algirdas Augustaitis Burkhard Beudert Witold Bochenek Nicholas Clarke Heleen A de Wit Thomas Dirnböck Jane Frey Hannele Hakola Sirpa Kleemola Johannes Kobler Pavel Krám Antti-Jussi Lindroos Lars Lundin Stefan Löfgren Aldo Marchetto Tomasz Pecka Hubert Schulte-Bisping Krzysztof Skotak Anatoly Srybny Józef Szpikowski Liisa Ukonmaanaho Milan Váňa Staffan Åkerblom Martin ForsiusSammendrag
The international Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) encompasses hundreds of long-term research/monitoring sites located in a wide array of ecosystems that can help us understand environmental change across the globe. We evaluated long-term trends (1990–2015) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry and fluxes, and climatic variables in 25 forested catchments in Europe belonging to the UNECE International Cooperative Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems (ICP IM). Many of the IM sites form part of the monitoring infrastructures of this larger ILTER network. Trends were evaluated for monthly concentrations of non-marine (anthropogenic fraction, denoted as x) sulphate (xSO4) and base cations x(Ca + Mg), hydrogen ion (H+), inorganic N (NO3 and NH4) and ANC (Acid Neutralising Capacity) and their respective fluxes into and out of the catchments and for monthly precipitation, runoff and air temperature. A significant decrease of xSO4 deposition resulted in decreases in concentrations and fluxes of xSO4 in runoff, being significant at 90% and 60% of the sites, respectively. Bulk deposition of NO3 and NH4 decreased significantly at 60–80% (concentrations) and 40–60% (fluxes) of the sites. Concentrations and fluxes of NO3 in runoff decreased at 73% and 63% of the sites, respectively, and NO3 concentrations decreased significantly at 50% of the sites. Thus, the LTER/ICP IM network confirms the positive effects of the emission reductions in Europe. Air temperature increased significantly at 61% of the sites, while trends for precipitation and runoff were rarely significant. The site-specific variation of xSO4 concentrations in runoff was most strongly explained by deposition. Climatic variables and deposition explained the variation of inorganic N concentrations in runoff at single sites poorly, and as yet there are no clear signs of a consistent deposition-driven or climate-driven increase in inorganic N exports in the catchments.
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A large proportion of global agricultural soils contain suboptimal available phosphorus (P) for the growth of many plant species. Boron (B) plays important roles in plant growth and development, but limited research has been conducted to study B uptake under low P availability. This study comprised a hydroponic and a mini-rhizobox experiment with canola (Brassica napus L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under P sufficient and deficient conditions. Boron concentrations, rhizosphere soil pH, and gene expression of BnBOR1 in canola were determined. Shoot B concentrations were found significantly increased (11–149%) by low P availability in potato and canola but not in wheat. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated that BnBOR1;2a, BnBOR1;2c, and BnBOR1;3c were up-regulated after seven days of low P treatment in canola roots. Our results indicate that plant shoot B concentration was dramatically influenced by P availability, and dicots and monocots showed a contrasting B concentration response to low P availability.
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Ingeborg Callesen Nicholas Clarke Andis Lazdinš Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene Karsten Raulund-RasmussenSammendrag
The long-term carrying capacity for biomass production is highly dependent on available soil resources. A soil test method for potential nutrient release capability was applied to 23 Nordic and Baltic forest soil profiles. The soils had coarse (10), medium (12) and fine (1) soil texture and most were podsolising. Extraction with dilute (0.1 M, 1:50 sample:solution ratio) nitric acid for 2 h was followed by 48 h and 168 h of extraction in soil samples from pedogenetic horizons. Dilute nitric acid solution was replaced after each step and release of mineral nutrient elements in solution was determined. C-horizon nutrient release (µmol g−1 fine earth, 0–218 h) was negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (MAT 0.5–8.5 °C) and for potassium (K) also mean annual precipitation (MAP 523–1440 mm y−1) suggesting a gradient in the mineralogy of the parent material that sediment transports during Pleistocene glaciations have not distorted. In B-horizons of sandy parent materials with felsic mineralogy cumulative nutrient release was positively correlated with pH and with Al and Fe release suggesting accumulation and stabilisation of nutrients in pedogenic products. E-horizons had less nutrient release capability than C-horizons, indicating a more weathered state of E-horizon parent material. Soil formation due to mineral dissolution and leaching of base cations and the gradient in parent material origin and weathering state both affected the observed pattern of nutrient release. On soils with very low mineral P resources (e.g. < 250 kg P ha−1 to 50 cm) by repeated dilute acid extraction, harvest of nutrient rich biomass will not be sustainable. However, it can’t be concluded that sites with high P availability by 0.1 M HNO3 can support an intensive harvest without compensation of P (and Ca) by fertilisation. Due to buffering of removed base cations in B-horizons, nutrient export with biomass may not be traceable as pH decline at decadal time scale. Therefore, the direct measurement of nutrient stocks by the extraction procedure (or other similar assessment of nutrient reserves by strong acid) is suggested as indicative for the mineral weathering capability of forest soils to recover from P and base cation depletion by biomass harvest.
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Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg Kjersti Holt Hanssen Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Volkmar Timmermann Kjell Andreassen May Bente Brurberg Nicholas Clarke Maria Herrero Jane Uhd Jepsen Halvor Solheim Gunn Strømeng Venche Talgø Ole Petter Laksforsmo Vindstad Gro Wollebæk Bjørn Økland Wenche AasSammendrag
Skogens helsetilstand påvirkes i stor grad av klima og værforhold, enten direkte ved tørke, frost og vind, eller indirekte ved at klimaet påvirker omfanget av soppsykdommer og insektangrep. Klimaendringene og den forventede økningen i klimarelaterte skogskader gir store utfordringer for forvaltningen av framtidas skogressurser. Det samme gjør invaderende skadegjørere, både allerede etablerte arter og nye som kan komme til Norge i nær framtid. Denne rapporten presenterer resultater fra skogskadeovervåkingen i Norge i 2017 og trender over tid for følgende temaer...
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James Johnson Elisabeth Graf Pannatier Stefano Carnicelli Guia Cecchini Nicholas Clarke Nathalie Cools Karin Hansen Henning Meesenburg Tiina M. Nieminen Gunilla Pihl-Karlsson Hugues Titeux Elena Vanguelova Arne Verstraeten Lars Vesterdal Peter Waldner Mathieu JonardSammendrag
Acid deposition arising from sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) emissions from fossil fuel combustion and agriculture has contributed to the acidification of terrestrial ecosys- tems in many regions globally. However, in Europe and North America, S deposition has greatly decreased in recent decades due to emissions controls. In this study, we assessed the response of soil solution chemistry in mineral horizons of European forests to these changes. Trends in pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), major ions, total aluminium (Al tot ) and dissolved organic carbon were determined for the period 1995–2012. Plots with at least 10 years of observations from the ICP Forests moni- toring network were used. Trends were assessed for the upper mineral soil (10– 20 cm, 104 plots) and subsoil (40–80 cm, 162 plots). There was a large decrease in the concentration of sulphate (SO 2 4 ) in soil solution; over a 10-year period (2000– 2010), SO 2 4 decreased by 52% at 10–20 cm and 40% at 40–80 cm. Nitrate was unchanged at 10–20 cm but decreased at 40–80 cm. The decrease in acid anions was accompanied by a large and significant decrease in the concentration of the nutrient base cations: calcium, magnesium and potassium (Bc = Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ + K + ) and Al tot over the entire dataset. The response of soil solution acidity was nonuni- form. At 10–20 cm, ANC increased in acid-sensitive soils (base saturation ≤10%) indicating a recovery, but ANC decreased in soils with base saturation >10%. At 40–80 cm, ANC remained unchanged in acid-sensitive soils (base saturation ≤20%, pH CaCl 2 ≤ 4.5) and decreased in better-buffered soils (base saturation >20%, pH CaCl 2 > 4.5). In addition, the molar ratio of Bc to Al tot either did not change or decreased. The results suggest a long-time lag between emission abatement and changes in soil solution acidity and underline the importance of long-term monitor- ing in evaluating ecosystem response to decreases in deposition.
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Arne Verstraeten Elena Gottardini Nicolas Bruffaerts Bruno de Vos Elena Vanguelova Fabiana Cristofolini Sue Benham Pasi Rautio Liisa Ukonmaanaho Päivi Merilä Peter Waldner Marijke Hendrickx Gerrit Genouw Peter Roskams Nathalie Cools J Neirynck Anita Nussbaumer Mathias Neumann Nicholas Clarke Volkmar Timmermann Karin Hansen Hans-Peter Diettrich Manuel Nicolas Maria Schmitt Anne Thimonier Katrin Meusburger Silvio Schueler Anna KowalskaSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Silje Skår O. Janne Kjønaas Kjersti Holt Hanssen Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Holger LangeSammendrag
Short-term (three to four years) effects of forest harvesting on soil solution chemistry were investigated at two Norway spruce sites in southern Norway, differing in precipitation amount and topography. Experimental plots were either harvested conventionally (stem-only harvesting, SOH) or whole trees, including crowns, twigs and branches were removed (whole-tree harvesting, WTH), leaving residue piles on the ground for some months before removal. The WTH treatment had two sub-treatments: WTH-pile where there had been piles and WTH-removal, from where residues had been removed to make piles. Increased soil solution concentrations of NO3–N, total N, Ca, Mg and K at 30 cm depth, shown by peaks in concentrations in the years after harvesting, were found at the drier, less steep site in eastern Norway after SOH and WTH-pile, but less so after WTH-removal. At the wetter, steeper site in western Norway, peaks were often observed also at WTH-removal plots, which might reflect within-site differences in water pathways due largely to site topography.
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Jyrki Jauhiainen Jukka Alm Brynhildur Bjarnadottir Ingeborg Callesen Jesper R Christiansen Nicholas Clarke Lise Dalsgaard Hongxing He Sabine Jordan Åsa Kasimir Vaiva Kazanaviciute Leif Klemedtsson Ari Laurén Andis Lazdins Aleksi Lehtonen Annalea Lohila Ainars Lupikis Ülo Mander Kari Minkkinen Paavo Ojanen Mats Olsson Hlynur Óskarsson Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Kaido Soosaar Gunnhild Søgaard Lars Vesterdal Raija LaihoSammendrag
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Phosphorus (P) is one of the main limiting factors for crop productivity while rhizosphere organic anions have been hypothesized to play an important role in P acquisition. Sampling in a long-term field experiment was carried out in order to understand the impact of long-term differences in P fertilization on secretion of organic anions under field conditions. Rhizosphere organic anions were extracted and analyzed every week from three leaves stage to completed flowering stage of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown on plots that have received 0 (P0) or 48 (P48) kg P ha−1 year−1 since 1966. The study showed that it is possible to extract and quantify rhizosphere organic anions from field plots. In P48 plots, root P concentrations decreased around 40 % at the early stages (before heading), compared with the first sampling, and then increased slightly, while plants grown in P0 plots showed the opposite trend. Malate was the main organic anion secreted throughout all the wheat growth stages. Rhizosphere citrate and malate showed negative and positive correlations (P < 0.05) respectively with root P concentrations at 29 and 42 days after emergence (DAE). Rhizosphere organic anion concentrations were quite low until 29 DAE and then increased up to 4–10-fold until 42 DAE; these concentrations declined at later stages, indicating that root-released organic anions may have been affected by developmental stage and root P concentration. The present study provides valuable information about the relationship between rhizosphere organic anions and various P concentrations of wheat grown in the field.
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Andreas Schmitz Karin Hansen Alexa Michel Anne-Katrin Prescher Tanja GM Sanders Walter Seidling Nicholas Clarke Arne Verstraeten Gunilla Pihl Karlsson Daniel Žlindra Lars Vesterdal Sue Benham David Elustondo Manuel Nicolas Peter Waldner Carmen IacobanSammendrag
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Jussi Vuorenmaa Algirdas Augustaitis Burkhard Beudert Nicholas Clarke Heleen de Wit Thomas Dirnböck Jane Frey Martin Forsius Iveta Indriksone Sirpa Kleemola Johannes Kobler Pavel Kram Antti-Jussi Lindroos Lars Lundin Tuija Ruoho-Airola Liisa Ukonmaanaho Milan VánaSammendrag
Empirical evidence based on integrated environmental monitoring including physical, chemical and biological variables is essential for evaluating the ecosystem benefits of costly emission reduction policies. The international multidisciplinary ICP IM (International Cooperative Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems) programme studies the integrated effects of air pollution and climate change on ecosystems in unmanaged and calibrated forested catchments. We calculated site-specific annual input-output budgets for sulphate (SO4) and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN NO3- N + NH4-N) for 17 European ICP IM sites in 1990–2012. Temporal trends for input (deposition) and output (runoff water) fluxes and the net retention/net release of SO4 and TIN were also analysed. Large differences in the input and output fluxes of SO4 and TIN reflect important gradients of air pollution effects in Europe, with the highest deposition and runoff water fluxes at IM sites located in southern Scandinavia and in parts of Central and Eastern Europe and the lowest fluxes at more remote sites in northern European regions. A significant decrease in the total (wet + dry) deposition of non-marine SO4 and bulk deposition of TIN was found at 90% and 65% of the sites, respectively. Output fluxes of non-marine SO4 in runoff decreased significantly at 65% of the sites, indicating positive effects of the international emission abatement actions in Europe during the last 20 years. Catchments retained SO4 in the early and mid1990s, but this shifted towards a net release in the late 1990s, which may be due to the mobilization of legacy S pools accumulated during times of high atmospheric SO4 deposition. Despite decreased deposition, TIN output fluxes and retention rates showed a mixed response with both decreasing (9 sites) and increasing (8 sites) trend slopes, and trends were rarely significant. In general, TIN was strongly retained in the catchments not affected by natural disturbances. The long-term annual variation in net releases for SO4 was explained by variations in runoff and SO4 concentrations in deposition, while a variation in TIN concentrations in runoff was mostly associated with a variation of the TIN retention rate in catchments. The net release of SO4 from forest soils may delay the recovery from acidification for surface waters and the continued enrichment of nitrogen in catchment soils poses a threat to terrestrial biodiversity and may ultimately lead to a higher TIN runoff through N-saturation. Continued monitoring and further evaluations of mass balance budgets are thus needed.
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Nicholas Clarke Tonje Ingeborg Økland Kjersti Holt Hanssen Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Katarzyna WasakSammendrag
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Volkmar Timmermann Kjell Andreassen Nicholas Clarke Daniel Flø Christer Magnusson Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Ingvald Røsberg Halvor Solheim Karl Thunes Gro Wollebæk Bjørn Økland Wenche AasSammendrag
Skogens helsetilstand påvirkes i stor grad av klima og værforhold, enten direkte ved tørke, frost og vind, eller indirekte ved at klimaet påvirker omfanget av soppsykdommer og insektangrep. Klimaendringene og den forventede økningen i klimarelaterte skogskader gir store utfordringer for forvaltningen av framtidas skogressurser. Det samme gjør invaderende skadegjørere, både allerede etablerte arter og nye som kan komme til Norge som følge av økt handel og import. Eksempler på begge er omtalt i denne rapporten som presenterer resultater fra skogskadeovervåkingen i Norge i 2016........
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Holger Lange Nicholas Clarke O. Janne Kjønaas Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Sebastian Sippel Tonje Ingeborg ØklandSammendrag
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Tiago Carvalho Rita Carvalho Raquel Sousa Rui Agostinho José Martins Carvalho Sónia Gil Miguel Francisco Eduardo Duarte José Montez Vânia Serrão Ana Santos Jorge Santos Maria Alexandra Anica Teodósio Ana Marília Barreira Claro Joana Cruz Ester Dias Francisco Leitão Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Inge Stupak Vivian Kvist-Johannsen Thomas Nord-Larsen Lars Vesterdal Ingeborg Callesen Kjell Suadicani Erik Schou Rolf Björheden Antti Asikainen Nicholas Clarke Anders C. HansenSammendrag
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Xurong Mei Hongmin Dong Yue Li Nicholas Clarke Daozhi Gong Weiping Hao Yingchun Li Buchun Liu Xin Ma Wei XiongSammendrag
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Mei Xurong Dong Hongmin Li Yue Nicholas Clarke Gong Daozhi Hao Weiping Li Yingchun Liu Buchun Ma Xin Xiong WeiSammendrag
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Mei Xurong Dong Hongmin Li Yue Nicholas Clarke Gong Daozhi Hao Weiping Li Yingchun Liu Buchun Ma Xin Xiong WeiSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Johannes Deelstra Sekhar Udaya Nagothu Per Stålnacke Mehreteab Tesfai H. Sørlie Marte Lund Edvardsen Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nathalie Cools Arne Verstraeten Wendelin Weis Stefano Carnicelli Guia Cecchini Nicholas Clarke Elisabeth Graf Pannatier Jim Johnson Mathieu Jonard Henning Meesenburg Tiina M. Nieminen Gunilla Pihl Karlsson Elena Vanguelova Jörg Sintermann Lars Vesterdal Karin HansenSammendrag
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Henning Horn Lars Tellnes Eva Brod Nicholas Clarke Janka Dibdiakova Kjersti Holt Hanssen Trond Haraldsen Trond Karlsen Kai TovenSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg O. Janne Kjønaas Kjersti Holt Hanssen Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Yanliang Wang Tore Krogstad Jihong Liu Clarke Moritz Hallama Anne Falk Øgaard Susanne Eich-Greatorex Ellen Kandeler Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
Many arable lands have accumulated large reserves of residual phosphorus (P) and a relatively large proportion of soil P is less available for uptake by plants. Root released organic anions are widely documented as a key physiological strategy to enhance P availability, while limited information has been generated on the contribution of rhizosphere organic anions to P utilization by crops grown in agricultural soils that are low in available P and high in extractable Ca, Al, and Fe. We studied the role of rhizosphere organic anions in P uptake from residual P in four common crops Triticum aestivum, Avena sativa, Solanum tuberosum, and Brassica napus in low- and high-P availability agricultural soils from long-term fertilization field trials in a mini-rhizotron experiment with four replications. Malate was generally the dominant organic anion. More rhizosphere citrate was detected in low P soils than in high P soil. B. napus showed 74–103% increase of malate in low P loam, compared with clay loam. A. sativa had the greatest rhizosphere citrate concentration in all soils (5.3–15.2 μmol g−1 root DW). A. sativa also showed the highest level of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; 36 and 40%), the greatest root mass ratio (0.51 and 0.66) in the low-P clay loam and loam respectively, and the greatest total P uptake (5.92 mg P/mini-rhizotron) in the low-P loam. B. napus had 15–44% more rhizosphere acid phosphatase (APase) activity, ~0.1–0.4 units lower rhizosphere pH than other species, the greatest increase in rhizosphere water-soluble P in the low-P soils, and the greatest total P uptake in the low-P clay loam. Shoot P content was mainly explained by rhizosphere APase activity, water-soluble P and pH within low P soils across species. Within species, P uptake was mainly linked to rhizosphere water soluble P, APase, and pH in low P soils. The effects of rhizosphere organic anions varied among species and they appeared to play minor roles in improving P availability and uptake.
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Nicholas Clarke Hugh Cross Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen Ari Hietala O. Janne Kjønaas Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Ingvald Røsberg Silje SkårSammendrag
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Effects of clear-cut harvesting on ground vegetation plant species diversity and their cover are investigated at two Norway spruce sites in southern Norway, differing in climate and topography. Experimental plots at these two sites were either harvested conventionally (stem-only harvesting) or whole trees including crowns, twigs and branches were removed (whole-tree harvesting), leaving residue piles on the ground for some months. We compare the number of plant species in different groups and their cover sums before and after harvesting, and between the different treatments, using non-parametric statistical tests. An overall loss of ground vegetation biodiversity is induced by harvesting and there is a shift in cover of dominant species, with negative effects for bryophytes and dwarf shrubs and an increase of graminoid cover. Differences between the two harvesting methods at both sites were mainly due to the residue piles assembled during whole-tree harvesting and the physical damage made during the harvesting of residues in these piles. The presence of the residue piles had a clear negative impact on both species numbers and cover. Pile residue harvesting on unfrozen and snow-free soil caused more damage to the forest floor in the steep terrain at the western site compared to the eastern site.
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Nicholas Clarke Kjersti Holt Hanssen Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Katarzyna WasakSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Kjersti Holt Hanssen Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Katarzyna WasakSammendrag
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Forfattere
Volkmar Timmermann Kjell Andreassen Nicholas Clarke Daniel Flø Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Ingvald Røsberg Halvor Solheim Gro Wollebæk Bjørn Økland Wenche AasSammendrag
Skogens helsetilstand påvirkes i stor grad av klima og værforhold, enten direkte ved tørke, frost og vind, eller indirekte ved at klimaet påvirker omfanget av soppsykdommer og insektangrep. Klimaendringene og den forventede økningen i klimarelaterte skogskader gir store utfordringer for forvaltningen av framtidas skogressurser. Det samme gjør invaderende skadegjørere, både allerede etablerte arter og nye som kan komme til Norge i framtida. Eksempler på begge er omtalt i foreliggende rapport. I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra skogskadeovervåkingen i Norge i 2015: (i) Overvåking av skogens helsetilstand på de landsrepresentative flatene. (ii) Skogøkologiske analyser og målinger av luftkjemi på de intensive overvåkingsflatene. (iii) Barkbilleovervåking og analyse av klimaeffekter. (iv) Import skadegjørere og analyse av invasjonspotensialet til fremmede billearter. (v) Overvåking av askeskuddsyke. (vi) Andre skaderegistreringer fra Skogskader.no og befaringer i 2015. Skogovervåkingen på de landsrepresentative flater viser at gran- og furuskogens generelle helsetilstand var god i 2015, selv om det ble registrert uvanlig mange skader på gran og kronetettheten hos furu hadde sunket i forhold til året før. Siden 2007 har kronetettheten likevel økt hos begge treslagene mens trenden har vært motsatt i ICP Forests’ nettverk. Det var lite misfarging på gran og furu og få skader på furu i 2015, mens bjørk, som tidligere, hadde flest skader av alle undersøkte treslag. Det ble ellers registrert få spesielle skader på skog i 2015. Konsentrasjon og atmosfærisk avsetning av både svovel og nitrogen var generelt veldig lave i 2015. Konsentrasjonen av uorganiske nitrogenforbindelser i jordvann og nivået av bakkenært ozon var også lave i Norge i 2015. Ozonnivåene er i stor grad styrt av værforholdene og vil derfor kunne oppvise store årlige variasjoner. Kjemiske analyser på de intensive skogovervåkings-flatene i Norge har dokumentert en betydelig reduksjon over tid i nivåer av svovelkomponenter både i luft, nedbør og jordvann som følge av store utslippsreduksjoner i Europa. Overvåkingsflata på Sørlandet, som er mest utsatt for langtransporterte forurensinger, hadde som i tidligere år de høyeste nitrogen- og svovelverdier i barnålene i 2015. Verdiene hadde økt i forhold til 2013 og var på det høyeste nivået siden hhv. 1995 og 1999, til tross for at både tilførselen og deposisjonen av disse elementene har avtatt sterkt siden 1990. På de to andre flatene var nitrogenverdiene vesentlig lavere, og i Osen var det dessuten for lite nitrogen i forhold til de andre næringsstoffene. Nitrogenmangel er imidlertid normalt i boreale barskoger. Vegetasjonsanalyser på den intensive skogovervåkingsflata i Hurdal viser at dekningen av etasjehusmose og to vmoser har økt siden 1999, mens flere andr mosearter har gått tilbake. Økt vekst av store bladmoser som etasjehusmose er også dokumentert av andre norske studier og har blitt forklart som et resultat av at mange milde og nedbørrike høster har gjort vekstsesongen lengre. Resultatene fra granbarkbilleovervåkingen i 2015 viste en moderat økning av populasjonene for landet sett under ett. Analyser av tidsserier for klimaeffekter og utviklingen i granbarkbillebestanden indikerer en trend mot økende barkbillemengder i Trøndelag og Nordland, som har mye hogstmoden gran. Denne økningen er mest markert i tørre og varme år. Tidligere modellberegninger har predikert at den forventete temperaturøkningen kan føre til at granbarkbillen får to generasjoner per sommer i stedet for én så langt nord som Trøndelag, noe som kan gi en markert økning i antall angrep på stående trær...
Forfattere
Jim Johnson Arne Verstraeten Henning Meesenburg Lars Vesterdal Karin Hansen Elena Vanguelova Mathieu Jonard Elisabeth Graf Pannatier Jörg Sintermann Tiina M. Nieminen Stefano Carnicelli Guia Cecchini Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Nicholas Clarke Kjersti Holt Hanssen Janka Dibdiakova Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg ØklandSammendrag
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Forfattere
Marta Camino-Serrano Elisabeth Graf Pannatier Sara Vicca Sebastiaan Luyssaert Mathieu Jonard Philippe Ciais Bertrand Guenet Bert Gielen Josep Peñuelas Jordi Sardans Peter Waldner Sophia Etzold Guia Cecchini Nicholas Clarke Zoran Galic Laure Gandois Karin Hansen Jim Johnson Uwe Klinck Zora Lachmanová Antti-Jussi Lindroos Henning Meesenburg Tiina M. Nieminen Tanja G. M. Sanders Kasia Sawicka Walter Seidling Anne Thimonier Elena Vanguelova Arne Verstraeten Lars Vesterdal Ivan A. JanssensSammendrag
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface waters is connected to DOC in soil solution through hydrological pathways. Therefore, it is expected that long-term dynamics of DOC in surface waters reflect DOC trends in soil solution. However, a multitude of site studies have failed so far to establish consistent trends in soil solution DOC, whereas increasing concentrations in European surface waters over the past decades appear to be the norm, possibly as a result of recovery from acidification. The objectives of this study were therefore to understand the long-term trends of soil solution DOC from a large number of European forests (ICP Forests Level II plots) and determine their main physico-chemical and biological controls. We applied trend analysis at two levels: (1) to the entire European dataset and (2) to the individual time series and related trends with plot characteristics, i.e., soil and vegetation properties, soil solution chemistry and atmospheric deposition loads. Analyses of the entire dataset showed an overall increasing trend in DOC concentrations in the organic layers, but, at individual plots and depths, there was no clear overall trend in soil solution DOC. The rate change in soil solution DOC ranged between −16.8 and +23 % yr−1 (median = +0.4 % yr−1) across Europe. The non-significant trends (40 %) outnumbered the increasing (35 %) and decreasing trends (25 %) across the 97 ICP Forests Level II sites. By means of multivariate statistics, we found increasing trends in DOC concentrations with increasing mean nitrate (NO3−) deposition and increasing trends in DOC concentrations with decreasing mean sulfate (SO42−) deposition, with the magnitude of these relationships depending on plot deposition history. While the attribution of increasing trends in DOC to the reduction of SO42− deposition could be confirmed in low to medium N deposition areas, in agreement with observations in surface waters, this was not the case in high N deposition areas. In conclusion, long-term trends of soil solution DOC reflected the interactions between controls acting at local (soil and vegetation properties) and regional (atmospheric deposition of SO42− and inorganic N) scales.
Forfattere
Marta Camino-Serrano Elisabeth Graf Pannatier Sara Vicca Sebastiaan Luyssaert Mathieu Jonard Philippe Ciais Bertrand Guenet Bert Gielen Josep Peñuelas Jordi Sardans Peter Waldner Sophia Etzold Guia Cecchini Nicholas Clarke Galić Galic Laure Gandois Karin Hansen Jim Johnson Uwe Klinck Zora Lachmanová Antti-Jussi Lindroos Henning Meesenburg Tiina M. Nieminen Tanja G.M. Sanders Kasia Sawicka Walter Seidling Anne Thimonier Elena Vanguelova Arne Verstraeten Lars Vesterdal Ivan A. JanssensSammendrag
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Forfattere
Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Sammendrag
Som en del av det grønne skiftet har økt uttak av biomasse fra skogene våre fått mye oppmerksomhet. Målet er blant annet å øke produksjonen av bioenergi. Økt uttak kan påvirke hvordan skogene oppleves og hvor tiltrekkende de er for rekreasjon, noe som igjen kan ha betydning i et folkehelseperspektiv.
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Lars Högbom Leena Finér Nicholas Clarke Martyn N. Futter Per Gundersen Ari Laurén Samuli Launiainen Eva RingSammendrag
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Ingeborg Callesen Robert Harrison Inge Stupak Jeff Hatten Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen James Boyle Nicholas Clarke Darlene ZabowskiSammendrag
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Yanliang Wang Marit Almvik Nicholas Clarke Susanne Eich-Greatorex Anne Falk Øgaard Tore Krogstad Hans Lambers Jihong Liu ClarkeSammendrag
Phosphorus (P) is an important element for crop productivity and is widely applied in fertilizers. Most P fertilizers applied to land are sorbed onto soil particles, so research on improving plant uptake of less easily available P is important. In the current study, we investigated the responses in root morphology and root-exuded organic acids (OAs) to low available P (1 mM P) and sufficient P (50 mM P) in barley, canola and micropropagated seedlings of potato— three important food crops with divergent root traits, using a hydroponic plant growth system.We hypothesized that the dicots canola and tuber-producing potato and the monocot barley would respond differently under various P availabilities. WinRHIZO and liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry results suggested that under low P availability, canola developed longer roots and exhibited the fastest root exudation rate for citric acid. Barley showed a reduction in root length and root surface area and an increase in root-exudedmalic acid under low-P conditions. Potato exuded relativelysmall amounts of OAs under low P, while therewas a marked increase in root tips. Based on the results, we conclude that different crops show divergent morphological and physiological responses to low P availability, having evolved specific traits of root morphology and root exudation that enhance their P-uptake capacity under low-P conditions. These results could underpin future efforts to improve P uptake of the three crops that are of importance for future sustainable crop production.
Sammendrag
Increased forest biomass production for bioenergy will have various consequences for landscape scenery, depending on both the landscape features present and the character and intensity of the silvicultural and harvesting methods used. We review forest preference research carried out in Finland, Sweden and Norway, and discuss these findings in relation to bioenergy production in boreal forest ecosystems. Some production methods and related operations incur negative reactions among the public, e.g. stump harvesting, dense plantation, soil preparation, road construction, the use of non-native species, and partly also harvest of current non-productive forests. Positive visual effects of bioenergy production tend to be linked to harvesting methods such as tending, thinning, selective logging and residue harvesting that enhance both stand and landscape openness, and visual and physical accessibility. Relatively large differences in findings between studies underline the importance of local contextual knowledge about landscape values and how people use the particular landscape where different forms of bioenergy production will occur. This scientific knowledge may be used to formulate guiding principles for visual management of boreal forest bioenergy landscapes.
Forfattere
Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg O. Janne Kjønaas Kjersti Holt Hanssen Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
Whole-tree harvest (WTH), i.e. harvesting of forest residues (twigs, branches and crown tops) in addition to stems, for bioenergy purposes may lead to biodiversity loss and changes in species composition in forest ground vegetation, which in turn also will affect soil properties. Effects of clear-cut harvesting on ground vegetation have been investigated at two Norway spruce sites in southern east and western Norway, respectively, differing in climate and topography. Experimental plots at these two sites were either harvested conventionally (stem-only harvest, SOH), leaving harvest residues spread on the site,or WTH was carried out, with the residues collected into piles at the site for six - nine months prior to removal. Vegetation plots in the eastern site were established and analysed before WTH and SOH in 2008 and reanalysed after harvesting in 2010, 2012 and 2014. In the western site vegetation plots were established before WTH and SOH in 2010 and reanalysed after harvesting in 2012 and 2014 (and planned for 2016). All vegetation plots are permanently marked. Pre-as well as post-harvesting species abundances of all species in each vegetation plot were each time recorded as percentage cover (vertical projection) and subplot frequency. Environmental variables (topographical, soil physical, soil chemical, and tree variables) were recorded only once; before WTH and SOH. Effec ts of WTH and SOH on ground vegetation biodiversity and cover are presented.
Forfattere
Gunnhild Søgaard Aksel Granhus Belachew Gizachew Zeleke Nicholas Clarke Kjell Andreassen Rune EriksenSammendrag
Miljødirektoratet utarbeidet i 2014 et kunnskapsgrunnlag for hvordan vi kan omstille Norge til et lavutslippssamfunn (Miljødirektoratet 2014). I rapporten ble en rekke tiltak i skog beskrevet. Denne rapporten er en del av neste fase av dette arbeidet, som er å utdype analysen av mulige tiltak og virkemidler. Her beskriver vi, på oppdrag fra Miljødirektoratet, et utvalg klimatiltak i skog. Det er på ingen måte noen uttømmende oversikt over klimatiltak, men dekker et utvalg som det var ønske om å belyse nærmere. Disse er belyst nærmere med hovedvekt på karbonopptak og –lagring. Betydning for andre økosystemtjenester, som for eksempel biodiversitet og friluftsliv, er ikke belyst. Hovedkonklusjonene fra dette arbeidet kan kort oppsummeres slik: Fra 1990 og frem til 2012 har et bruttoareal på 1,4 mill. daa blitt avskoget (NIR 2014). Basert på data fra Landsskogtakseringen ser vi at den viktigste årsaken er nedbygging av skogareal til ulike formål (73 % av arealet), etterfulgt av omdisponering til beite (16 %). Om lag 29 % av skogen som avvirkes, hogges før hogstmodenhetsalder. Av dette arealet utgjør hogstklasse IV 25 %, mens hogstklasse III eller yngre utgjør 4 %. Skog definert som ”yngre skog” etter forslag til revidert PEFC skogstandard utgjør 9 %. Generelt benyttes relativt skånsomme metoder for markberedning i Norge i dag, og disse er vurdert til sannsynligvis å ha liten eller ingen effekt på karbonmengder i jorda over tid og over det totale areal. Tettere planting gir høyere volumproduksjon tidlig i bestandets liv. I følge resultatkontrollen i 2013 hadde 29 % av det totale foryngelsesarealet et plantetall under anbefalt nivå i bærekraftforskriften. Framskrivningene av skogbestokningen viser at en fortsettelse av dagens praksis på årlig foryngelsesareal fra 2015 og frem til 2100 akkumulert gir 83,5 millioner tonn CO2 lavere opptak enn om arealet hadde vært plantet med anbefalt tetthet. Høyere plantetetthet gir også økt mulighet for å ta ut virke gjennom tynning. Vi mener det er potensial for økt tynningsaktivitet, uten at dette vil redusere produksjon (opptak) på lenger sikt. Tynning kan øke potensialet for mer bruk av GROT (heltretynning). Ved tynning og gjødsling kan andelen sagtømmer i det hogstmodne bestandet øke, og samtidig kan tynning være ønskelig for å lage stabile bestand som kan overholdes utover normal hogstmodenhetsalder. Uttak av hogstrester (GROT) gir råstoff til bioenergi, som kan brukes til å erstatte fossile brensler. Forutsatt høstet på en bærekraftig måte, kan uttaket av GROT sannsynligvis økes uten redusert fremtidig produksjon (opptak). En lavskjerm med bjørk over granforyngelse vil, dersom den skjøttes riktig, gi en høyere total volumproduksjon på arealet over ett omløp sammenlignet med et renbestand med gran.
Forfattere
Marco Ferretti Marco Calderisi Aldo Marchetto Peter Waldner Anne Thimonier Matthieu Jonard Nathalie Cools Pasi Rautio Nicholas Clarke Karin Hansen Päivi Merilä Nenad PotočićSammendrag
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Peter Waldner Anne Thimonier Elisabeth Graf Pannatier Sophia Etzold Maria Schmitt Aldo Marchetto Pasi Rautio Kirsti Derome Tiina M. Nieminen Seppo Nevalainen Antti-Jussi Lindroos Päivi Merilä Georg Kindermann Markus Neumann Nathalie Cools Bruno de Vos Peter Roskams Arne Verstraeten Karin Hansen Gunilla Pihl Karlsson Hans-Peter Dietrich Stephan Raspe Richard Fischer Martin Lorenz Susanne Iost Oliver Granke Tanja G. M. Sanders Alexa Michel Hans-Dieter Nagel Thomas Scheuschner Primož Simončič Klaus von Wilpert Henning Meesenburg Stefan Fleck Sue Benham Elena Vanguelova Nicholas Clarke Morten Ingerslev Lars Vesterdal Per Gundersen Inge Stupak Mathieu Jonard Nenad Potočić Mayte MinayaSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Per Gundersen Ulrika Jönsson-Belyazid O. Janne Kjønaas Tryggve Persson Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Inge Stupak Lars VesterdalSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Per Gundersen Ulrika Jönsson-Belyazid O. Janne Kjønaas Tryggve Persson Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Inge Stupak Lars VesterdalSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Per Gundersen Ulrika Jönsson-Belyazid O. Janne Kjønaas Tryggve Persson Bjarni Diðrik Sigurðsson Inge Stupak Lars VesterdalSammendrag
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Lise Dalsgaard Aksel Granhus Gunnhild Søgaard Kjell Andreassen Isabella Børja Nicholas Clarke O. Janne Kjønaas Jogeir N. StoklandSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Ari Hietala Hugh Cross Kjersti Holt Hanssen Tonje Ingeborg Økland Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Ingvald RøsbergSammendrag
Tree harvest and different harvesting methods may affect the soil carbon (C) pool in forest ecosystems. In con- ventional stem-only timber harvesting (SOH), branches and tops that are left in the forests may contribute to the build-up of the soil carbon pool. In whole-tree harvesting (WTH), inputs of organic matter from branches and tops are strongly reduced. We established field experiments at Gaupen, SE and Vindberg, SW Norway, to study the short-term effects of SOH and WTH on processes affecting the accumulation and loss of soil C. Logging residues on the WTH plots were collected in piles that were removed after 6 months, rendering two sub treatments (WTH- pile and WTH-removal areas). We weighed selected trees and logging residues, surveyed understorey biomass production, quantified pre-harvest soil C and nutrient pools down to 30 cm. Soil respiration was measured and soil water sampled monthly during the growing season, while temperature and moisture were measured continuously. Organic and mineral horizons were incubated at different temperatures to estimate potential C and N mineraliza- tion, and deep sequencing of the ITS2 barcode region of fungal DNA was performed on the samples. Litterbags were deployed in the SOH plots. The logging residues amounted to 2.2-2.4 kg C m-2 At Gaupen, the mean in situ soil respiration rates increased following harvest with all treatments, but were significantly higher in WTH-pile and SOH relative to the WTH- removal areas in the first year as well as the fourth year of treatment. The former rates included aboveground decomposing needles and twigs but excluded coarser branches. The observed increase in the WTH-removal areas may be related to decomposing roots, as well as to increased C mineralization partly due to the higher soil tem- peratures following harvest. Soil temperature was the single most important factor explaining the variability in soil respiration rates over all treatments. At Vindberg, a decrease in soil respiration was observed with all treatments in the second and third years following harvest. At both sites, decomposition of logging residues from needles was more rapid relative to twigs and fine roots. The decomposing residues released a substantial amount of nitrogen which was gradually reflected in the soil water at 30 cm soil depth. A considerable increase in the NO3-N concen- tration also in the WTH-removal areas in the second year following harvest suggests an increase in N availability from decomposing fine roots and/or soil organic matter. The increased N availability in the WTH-removal areas was supported by results from short term lab incubations of undisturbed soil from the forest floor. The changes in the WTH-removal areas were also reflected in the soil fungal diversity: saprophytic ascomycetes on decaying plant material showed a striking increase in all treatments. For the WTH-removal areas, this may, again, be related to the increased input of root litter; however, the decrease in mycorrhizal basidiomycete species and the vigorous increase of ascomycetes following harvest may also affect the C mineralization of soil organic matter.
Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Lars Vesterdal Nicholas Clarke Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Helena M Stefánsdóttir O. Janne Kjønaas Per Gundersen Inge Stupak Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Lars Pødenphant KiærSammendrag
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Inge Stupak Karin Hansen Eva Ring Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen Ingeborg Callesen Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Forfattere
Peter Waldner Aldo Marchetto Anne Thimonier Maria Schmitt Michela Rogora Oliver Granke Volker Mues Karin Hansen Gunilla Pihl Karlsson Daniel Žlindra Nicholas Clarke Arne Verstraeten Andis Lazdins Claus Schimming Carmen Iacoban Antti-Jussi Lindroos Elena Vanguelova Sue Benham Henning Meesenburg Manuel Nicolas Anna Kowalska Vladislav Apuhtin Ulle Napa Zora Lachmanová Ferdinand Kristoefel Albert Bleeker Morten Ingerslev Lars Vesterdal Juan Molina Uwe Fischer Walter Seidling Mathieu Jonard Philip O'Dea James Johnson Richard Fischer Martin LorenzSammendrag
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Per Gundersen Shimon Ozeri Lars Vesterdal Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Andis Lazdins Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Tryggve Persson Per Bengtsson Cecilia Akselsson Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Per Gundersen Shimon Ozeri Lars Vesterdal Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Andis Lazdins Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Tryggve Persson Per Bengtsson Cecilia Akselsson Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Per Gundersen Shimon Ozeri Ginzburg Lars Vesterdal Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Helena M Stefánsdóttir Edda S Oddsdottir Nicholas Clarke O. Janne Kjønaas Tryggve Persson Göran Ågren Bengt Olsson Mats Fröberg Erik Karltun Riitta Hyvönen Olsson Cecilia Akselsson Per Bengtsson Salim Belyazid Håkan Wallander Andis Lazdins Zane Libiete Dagnija LazdinaSammendrag
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Yan-liang Wang Sissel Haugslien Marit Almvik Nicholas Clarke Anne Falk Øgaard Jihong Liu ClarkeSammendrag
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Karen Refsgaard John Marshall Bryden Stig Strandli Gezelius Valborg Kvakkestad Nicholas Clarke Wenche Dramstad Wendy Fjellstad Erik Eid HohleSammendrag
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Giulia Carriero Juha-Pekka Tuovinen Nicholas Clarke Giorgio Matteucci Rainer Matyssek Gerhard Wieser Teis Nørgaard Mikkelsen Richard Fischer Pavel Cudlin Yusuf Serengil Fabio Boscaleri Carlo Calfapietra Zhaozhong Feng Elena PaolettiSammendrag
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Marta Camino-Serrano Bert Gielen Sebastiaan Luyssaert Philippe Ciais Sara Vicca Bertrand Guenet Bruno de Vos Nathalie Cools Bernhard Ahrens M. Altaf Arain Werner Borken Nicholas Clarke Beverley Clarkson Thomas Cummins Axel Don Elisabeth Graf Pannatier Hjalmar Laudon Tim Moore Tiina M. Nieminen Mats B. Nilsson Matthias Peichl Luitgard Schwendenmann Jan Siemens Ivan A. JanssensSammendrag
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Yanliang Wang Sissel Haugslien Marit Almvik Nicholas Clarke Anne Falk Øgaard Jihong Liu ClarkeSammendrag
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Yanliang Wang Sissel Haugslien Marit Almvik Nicholas Clarke Anne Falk Øgaard Jihong Liu ClarkeSammendrag
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Yanliang Wang Sissel Haugslien Marit Almvik Nicholas Clarke Anne Falk Øgaard Jihong Liu ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset O. Janne Kjønaas Tonje Ingeborg Økland Kjersti Holt Hanssen Wenche Aas Trine Aulstad Sogn Kjell Andreassen Susanne Eich-Greatorex Helja-Sisko Helmisaari Ari Hietala Erik Eid Hohle Staffan Jacobson Holger Lange Jørn Frode Nordbakken Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen Ingvald Røsberg Silje Skår Volkmar Timmermann Andreas TutturenSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg O. Janne Kjønaas Nicholas Clarke Kjersti Holt HanssenSammendrag
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Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg O. Janne Kjønaas Kjersti Holt Hanssen Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Karen Refsgaard John Marshall Bryden Bianca Cavicchi Nicholas Clarke Stig Strandli Gezelius Valborg KvakkestadSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen Ari Hietala O. Janne Kjønaas Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Ingvald RøsbergSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen Ari Hietala O. Janne Kjønaas Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Ingvald RøsbergSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen Ari Hietala Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Ingvald RøsbergSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Ari Hietala Hugh Cross Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg Kjersti Holt HanssenSammendrag
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Volkmar Timmermann Kjell Andreassen Nicholas Clarke Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Ingvald Røsberg Halvor Solheim Wenche AasSammendrag
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Elena Curcio Michele Innangi Marta Alvarez Romero Arne Verstraeten Nicholas Clarke Antonietta Fioretto Stefania PapaSammendrag
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Sammendrag
Ny forskning viser at taubandrifter har en minimal påvirkning på terrenget og kan betraktes som en skånsom og pålitelig metode for uttak av tømmer fra skog i bratt terreng.
Sammendrag
Produksjon av aske fra trevirke har økt kraftig de siste ti årene, fordi biobrensel i stadig større grad blir tatt i bruk til fornybar varme- og energiproduksjon. Aske fra trevirke inneholder viktige næringsstoffer og kalk som kan utnyttes til gjødslingsformål, alene eller sammen med andre næringsstoffer. Anvendelse av aske i skog øker pH-verdien og innholdet av de fleste hovednæringsstoffene i jordsmonnet, unntatt nitrogen. Askens egenskaper avhenger av hvilken type biobrenselsortiment som benyttes i forbrenningen, styring og prosessparametre i forbrenningsprosessen, samt behandling og lagring av asken. Treaske inneholder tungmetaller som trærne har tatt opp fra jorda de vokser i. Konsentrasjonene varierer avhengig av jordsmonn og treslag, forbrenningsmetode, askefraksjon og andre faktorer. Analyser av askeprøver fra 19 norske biobrenselanlegg viste at kvaliteten på de ulike askeprøvene varierte i betydelig grad. Som forventet var det mer tungmetaller i flyveasken enn i bunnasken. Til en eventuell bruk i skogen vil bunnasken derfor være mest aktuell. Flere studier har undersøkt konsekvensene av å føre tungmetaller fra treaske tilbake til skogøkosystemer. Resultatene tyder på at askegjødsling ikke fører til økt tungmetallinnhold i jordvann, fordi økt pH som følge av gjødslingen gjør at metallene blir ennå mer tungt oppløselige. Innholdet av tungmetaller i bær eller andre plantedeler øker ikke etter asketilførsel, men det er funnet økt innhold i noen typer sopp rett etter gjødsling. Etter en askegjødsling vil det ofte bli en konsentrasjonsøkning av ioner fra lettløselige salter i jordvannet. Etter noen måneder går konsentrasjonene tilbake. Askegjødsling kan også øke pH-verdiene i jorda. Effektene på pH-verdier og ionekonsentrasjoner i jordvann er avhengig av dose, og skjer i hovedsak i de øvre jordlagene. På mineraljord er det vanligvis mangel på nitrogen som begrenser veksten av skogen. Fordi aske ikke inneholder nitrogen, ser man ofte små effekter på tilveksten etter en ren askegjødsling. På god mark kan man få en viss positiv effekt, mens effekten kan være negativ på fattige marktyper. Aske gitt sammen med nitrogen kan forlenge effekten av nitrogengjødslingen. På grøftet torvmark vil man ofte få en tydelig økning i tilveksten, fordi asken øker pH og tilfører fosfor og kalium, som det ofte er mangel på i torvjorda. Få studier tar for seg klimagassbalansen i hele økosystemet etter askegjødsling. Ut fra de rapportene som foreligger, er det sannsynlig at askegjødsling på grøftet torvmark vil ha en positiv effekt på klimagassregnskapet, mens det ikke vil ha særlig effekt i hverken positiv eller negativ retning på mineraljord. På fastmark er endringene i vegetasjonen etter askegjødsling stort sett beskjedne og av kort varighet. Ofte er effekten en redusert dekning av moser i en periode, mens urter og gress kan øke. På grøftet torvmark gir askegjødsling mer varige endringer i vegetasjonen, gjerne i retning av en mer fastmarksliknende vegetasjonstype. Dosering og askeform påvirker effektene på vegetasjonen.
Forfattere
Marco Ferretti Marco Calderisi Aldo Marchetto Peter Waldner Anne Thimonier Matthieu Jonard Nathalie Cools Pasi Rautio Nicholas Clarke Karin Hansen Päivi Merilä Nenad PotocicSammendrag
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Forfattere
Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen O. Janne Kjønaas Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Ingvald Røsberg Tonje Ingeborg ØklandSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset O. Janne Kjønaas Tonje Ingeborg Økland Kjersti Holt Hanssen Wenche Aas Trine Aulstad Sogn Kjell Andreassen Susanne Eich-Greatorex Helja-Sisko Helmisaari Ari Hietala Erik Eid Hohle Staffan Jacobson Holger Lange Jørn Frode Nordbakken Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen Ingvald Røsberg Silje Skår Volkmar Timmermann Andreas TutturenSammendrag
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Forfattere
Alina Danielewska Nicholas Clarke Janusz Olejnik Karin Hansen Wim de Vries Lars Lundin Juha Pekka Tuovinen Richard Fischer Marek Urbaniak Elena PaolettiSammendrag
Of a wide variety of international forest research and monitoring networks, several networks are dedicated to the effects of climate change on forests, while the effects of anthropogenic pollutants on forests have been a major area for both monitoring and research for decades. The large amounts of data already obtained within existing monitoring programmes and large-scale international projects can be used to increase understanding of the state and potential of forest mitigation and adaptation to climate change in a polluted environment, and a major challenge now is to evaluate and integrate the presently available databases. We present a meta-database with the main goal to highlight available data and integrate the information about research and monitoring of selected European Research and Monitoring Networks (ERMNs). Depending on the selected ERMNs, the list of variables and the measurement units differ widely in the databases. As a result, activities related to the identification, evaluation and integration of the presently available databases are important for the scientific community. Furthermore, and equally important, the recognition of current knowledge gaps and future needed research is made easier. This analysis suggests that: ground-level ozone is under-investigated, although it is one of the pollutants of greatest concern to forests; in addition to CO2, long-term other greenhouse gasses (GHG) flux measurements should be carried out; there is still a need of improving links between monitoring of atmospheric changes and impacts on forests; research-oriented manipulative experiments in the forests are missing.
Forfattere
Karin Hansen Anne Thimonier Nicholas Clarke Jeroen Staelens Daniel Žlindra Peter Waldner Aldo MarchettoSammendrag
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Redaktører
Rainer Matyssek Nicholas Clarke Pavel Cudlin Teis Nørgaard Mikkelsen Juha-Pekka Tuovinen Gerhard Wieser Elena PaolettiSammendrag
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Forfattere
Rainer Matyssek Nicholas Clarke Pavel Cudlin Teis Nørgaard Mikkelsen Juha-Pekka Tuovinen Gerhard Wieser Elena PaolettiSammendrag
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Forfattere
Rainer Matyssek Thomas Knoke Nicholas Clarke Pavel Cudlin Teis Nørgaard Mikkelsen Juha-Pekka Tuovinen Gerhard Wieser Elena PaolettiSammendrag
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Sammendrag
Information on tree species effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is scattered and there have been few attempts to synthesize results for forest floor and mineral soil C pools. We reviewed and synthesized current knowledge of tree species effects on SOC stocks in temperate and boreal forests based on common garden, retrospective paired stand and retrospective single-tree studies. There was evidence of consistent tree species effects on SOC stocks. Effects were clearest for forest floor C stocks (23 of 24 studies) with consistent differences for tree genera common to European and North American temperate and boreal forests. Support for generalization of tree species effects on mineral soil C stocks was more limited, but significant effects were found in 13 of 22 studies that measured mineral soil C. Proportional differences in forest floor and mineral soil C stocks among tree species suggested that C stocks can be increased by 200–500% in forest floors and by 40–50% in top mineral soil by tree species change. However, these proportional differences within forest floors and mineral soils are not always additive: the C distribution between forest floor and mineral soil rather than total C stock tends to differ among tree species within temperate forests. This suggests that some species may be better engineers for sequestration of C in stable form in the mineral soil, but it is unclear whether the key mechanism is root litter input or macrofauna activity. Tree species effects on SOC in targeted experiments were most consistent with results from large-scale inventories for forest floor C stocks whereas mineral soil C stocks appeared to be stronger influenced by soil type or climate than by tree species at regional or national scales. Although little studied, there are indications that higher tree species diversity could lead to higher SOC stocks but the role of tree species diversity per se vs. species identity effects needs to be disentangled in rigorous experimental designs. For targeted use of tree species to sequester soil C we must identify the processes related to C input and output, particularly belowground, that control SOC stock differences. We should also study forms and stability of C along with bulk C stocks to assess whether certain broadleaves store C in more stable form. Joint cooperation is needed to support syntheses and process-oriented work on tree species and SOC, e.g. through an international network of common garden experiments.
Forfattere
Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg Janne O. Kjønaas Kjersti Holt Hanssen Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Forfattere
Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Forfattere
Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Samuli Launiainen Martyn N. Futter David Ellison Nicholas Clarke Leena Finér Lars Högbom Ari Laurén Eva RingSammendrag
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Forfattere
Yanliang Wang Sissel Haugslien Marit Almvik Nicholas Clarke Anne Falk Øgaard Jihong Liu ClarkeSammendrag
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Sammendrag
Kronetilstanden hos gran, furu og bjørk som inngår i den landsrepresentative skogovervåkingen har vært stabil i 2012, og det ble observert færre biotiske og abiotiske skader enn året før. Avsetningen av svoveldioksid og sulfat har blitt redusert siden 1980 på fastlands-Norge. Derimot er det ingen tydelig trend i avsetning av uorganisk nitrogen gjennom nedbøren de siste årene. Askeskuddsyke er stadig på frammarsj i Norge, og har i 2012 spredd seg videre nordover i Sogn og Fjordane. 2012 var et gunstig år også for mange andre soppsykdommer, som einertørke, rødbandsyke på furu og toppskader på gran....
Forfattere
Peter Waldner Anne Thimonier Maria Schmitt Aldo Marchetto Michela Rogora Oliver Granke Volker Mues Karin Hansen Gunilla Pihl-Karlsson Daniel lindra Nicholas Clarke Arne Verstraeten Andis Lazdins Claus Schimming Carmen Iacoban Antti-Jussi Lindroos Elena Iordanova Vanguelova Sue Benham Henning Meesenburg Manuel Nicholas Anna Kowalska Vladislav Apuhtin Ulle Nappa Zora Lachmanová Markus Neumann Albert Bleeker Morten Ingerslev Juan Molina Lars Vesterdal Walter Seidling Uwe Fischer Richard Fischer Martin LorenzSammendrag
Atmospheric deposition to forests has been monitored in the frame of the ICP Forests programme with sampling and analyses of bulk and throughfall deposition at several hundred forested Level II plots for more than 15 years now. Current deposition of inorganic nitrogen and sulphate is highest in Northern Central Europe as well as in some regions in southern parts. In this study we compared linear regression and MannKendall trend analyses techniques. The choice of method had an influence on the number of trends identified as being significant. We showed that the minimal detectable trends can be estimated with the mean short term temporal variability of the deposition, which is to a large extent due to meteorological variations, such as the precipitation and circulation patterns. The overall decreasing trends for inorganic N and SO42- in the past decade of about 3% and 6% require time series of about 10 and 6 years respectively to detect a trend on a plot with statistical significance. Past reduction of human emission reduced atmospheric deposition of acidifying and eutrophying compounds. This could be confirmed due to the availability of long-term data series. However, further reductions are required to reduce deposition to forests below critical loads for the whole of Europe.
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Forfattere
Alina Danielewska Elena Paoletti Nicholas Clarke Janusz Olejnik Marek Urbaniak Marcin Baran Pawel Siedlecki Karin Hansen Lars Lundin Wim de Vries Teis Nørgaard Mikkelsen Sophie Dillen Richard FischerSammendrag
Aim of study: The main aim of the work was to summarize availability, quality and comparability of on-going European Research and Monitoring Networks (ERMN), based on the results of a COST FP0903 Action questionnaire carried out in September 2010 and May 2012. Area of study: The COST Action FP0903 involves 29 European countries and 4 non-COST institutions from USA, Morocco and Tunisia. In this study, the total of 22 replies to the questionnaire from 18 countries were included. Materials and methods: Based on the feedback from the Action FP0903 countries, the most popular European Networks were identified. Thereafter, the access to the network database, available quality assurance/quality control procedures and publication were described. Finally, the so-called “Supersites” concept, defined as a “highly instrumented research infrastructure, for both research and monitoring of soil-plant-atmosphere interactions” was discussed. Main results: The result of the survey indicate that the vast majority of the Action FP0903 countries participate in the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forest (ICP Forest). The multi-disciplinary International Cooperative Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems (ICPIM) is the second most widespread forest programme. Research highlights: To fully understand biochemical cycles in forest ecosystems, long-term monitoring is needed. Hence, a network of “Supersites”, is proposed. The application of the above infrastructure can be an effective way to attain a better integration of research and monitoring networks at forest sites in Europe. Key words: supersites; European Research Monitoring Networks; harmonization; forest.
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Forfattere
Inge Stupak Brian Titus Nicholas Clarke Tat Smith Andis Lazdins Iveta Varnagiryte-Kabasinskiene Kestutis Armolaitis Milica Peric Claudia GuidiSammendrag
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Sammendrag
This study examines already existing guidelines for the sustainable removal of slash from forests for bioenergy use. Existing guidelines from some countries, states and provinces with forest ecosystems comparable to Norways (Sweden, Finland, the U.K., Ireland, Minnesota, New Hampshire and British Columbia) are compared with the Norwegian Living Forests (LF) and Debio (ecological forestry) guidelines. The aim is to identify areas where the Norwegian guidelines could be further developed.
Sammendrag
This report has been prepared in the frame of Work Package 3 (Policy) of the Interreg IVB project Bioenergy Promotion. The main rationale of this work package is to support the development of coherent national and (sub)regional policies promoting the sustainable production and consumption of bioenergy. The purpose of the country policy assessment report is to describe the main promotional policies and support schemes for bioenergy and to assess to what extent national policy frameworks contribute to Sustainable Development and integrate related sustainability principles and criteria. At present and in the foreseeable future, the main source of raw materials for bioenergy in Norway is likely to be the forests. However, waste from agriculture, households and industry is another promising source. Investment support needs to be continued, at least at present levels. The main bottlenecks for increased use of bioenergy in Norway are economic, so economic support is necessary. Further development of the standard for sustainable forestry is required, in order to take into account aspects that are not yet covered (see above under Point 3.5). However, there is currently disagreement between the parties to the Living Forests standard, so revision is not likely to take place soon. Current research is being carried out, for example in CenBio and the project “Ecological consequences of increased biomass removal from forests in Norway” on the effects of whole-tree harvesting compared to stem-only harvesting on soil nutrients, carbon stocks, ground vegetation and regeneration). In addition, work is being carried out to study the applicability under Norwegian conditions of the guidelines of other countries such as Sweden, Finland, the UK and Ireland and to prepare preliminary guidelines for Norwegian forestry. There is disagreement on the likely short-term effects of biomass harvesting for bioenergy on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems (see above under 5.2) and this needs to be further studied. In their present form, the binding EU sustainability criteria for biofuels/bioliquids should not be extended to solid/gaseous biomass used for electricity and heating/cooling. Some changes are necessary to take account of specific conditions e.g. in forestry. For example, it is stated in Point 4 of Article 17 of the Renewable Energy Directive that biofuels and bioliquids shall not be obtained from land that was continuously forested in January 2008 and is no longer continuously forested. It is unclear how this would affect clear-cuts. Also, in Point C7 of Annex V, the 20-year period for calculating carbon stock changes is completely unrealistic for forestry (although this refers to land-use change and it could be argued that felling is not land-use change if the land is used for forest afterwards; this should be clarified). These aspects of the Renewable Energy Directive are already problematic if forest biomass is to be used for biofuels or bioliquids.
Forfattere
Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Forfattere
Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
This report aims to summarise briefly the findings in the scientific literature concerning the effect of both stem-only and whole-tree harvesting on soil carbon stocks. Although the findings reported by previous authors vary, it is possible to draw some general conclusions about the effect of harvesting on soil carbon, and on whether whole-tree harvesting has a greater effect than stem-only harvesting. In general it appears that the organic C content in the soil’s organic layer is reduced after stem-only harvesting, sometimes by as much as 50%. This reduction has been explained in several ways. After a period of maybe 20 years, the carbon content of the organic layer starts to increase again. In the mineral soil a reduction is not always apparent and the C content can even increase, probably because of the incorporation of residues into the soil. Some studies have shown that this increase is short-lived, while others have found a longer-term increase. Unsurprisingly, thinning appears to affect the soil carbon content much less than clear-cutting; the effect tends to be proportional to the thinning intensity. The soil carbon content appears to be higher after selection cutting than after clear-cutting. Studies comparing effects of whole-tree harvest with those of stem-only harvest have tended to show smaller carbon contents in the mineral soil after whole-tree harvest than after stem-only harvest, although once again results vary greatly. There are many factors affecting soil C content and thus accounting for the observed differences, including temperature, moisture content, and harvesting type. Variation in the results obtained may depend on site-specific factors such as site nutrient status, especially with regard to the most common limiting nutrient nitrogen, which will affect growth in the next rotation. Making sure there are enough nutrients available, if necessary by compensatory fertilisation, will improve carbon sequestration in both trees and soil.
Forfattere
Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
This report presents preliminary results from investigations on changes in soil water chemistry after stem-only and whole-tree harvesting at a site in eastern Norway, with emphasis on major nutrients, pH and dissolved organic carbon. For stem-only harvesting (SOH) and whole-tree harvesting where slash had been piled (WTH pile), concentrations of nitrate, calcium, magnesium, and potassium peaked in the second year after harvesting and again, but lower, in the third. Ammonium concentrations peaked in the year after harvesting. There was slight acidification after harvesting. No increased concentrations of dissolved organic carbon were observed. In general, trends were similar between SOH and WTH piles, compared to where slash had been removed to form the piles. Peaks in concentrations were higher for WTH piles compared to SOH. The results agree well with results from other field measurements reported in the scientific literature.
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Sammendrag
I 2011 inngikk seks flater i den intensive skogovervåkingen der utviklingen av skogøkosystemet i Norge blir fulgt. Disse flatene inngår i det nasjonale ”Overvåkingsprogram for skogskader”, og de er også en del av det europeiske nettverket av intensive skogovervåkingsflater, der 39 europeiske land deltar med mer enn 800 flater (ICP Forests). Intensiv skogovervåking er utført her i landet siden midten av 1980-tallet, med tidsserier som beskriver endringer i skogøkosystemet. Hovedformålet er å beskrive skogens helsetilstand og belyse virkninger av langtransporterte forurensninger på skogøkosystemet. Observasjonene fra 2011 og utviklingen siden 1986 presenteres i denne rapporten....
Forfattere
Kjell Andreassen Volkmar Timmermann Nicholas Clarke Erik Framstad Per Arild Aarrestad Vegar Bakkestuen Tonje Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Ingvald Røsberg Inga E. Bruteig Marianne Evju John Atle Kålås Torgeir NygårdSammendrag
The report presents results for 2011 from three national monitoring programmes on long-range transboundary air pollution.
Sammendrag
I 2011 var det en nedgang i helsetilstanden hos bartrær, og hos gran ble det observert en del toppskranting og avdøing i hogstklasse 3 og 4. Vi registrerte få insekt- og soppskader på gran der 1 % av trærne var angrepet, mens 1,2 % av furutrærne hadde slike biotiske skader. Antall abiotiske skader (stort sett snø- og vindrelaterte) hos bartrærne var omtrent på samme nivå som tidligere i overvåkingsperioden (1,7 og 1,2 % for hhv. gran og furu). Av treslagene gran, furu og bjørk er det fortsatt bjørk som er mest utsatt for skader: 10,6 % av bjørketrærne var angrepet og skadet av insekter, hovedsakelig av fjellbjørkemåleren, mens 14,2 % av bjørketrærne var angrepet av bjørkerustsopp eller andre sopper og 3,5 % hadde skader med abiotiske årsaker....
Forfattere
Nina Elisabeth Nagy Harald Kvaalen Monica Fongen Carl Gunnar Fossdal Nicholas Clarke Halvor Solheim Ari HietalaSammendrag
Pathogen challenge of tree sapwood induces the formation of reaction zones with antimicrobial properties such as elevated pH and cation content. Many fungi lower substrate pH by secreting oxalic acid, its conjugate base oxalate being a reductant as well as a chelating agent for cations. To examine the role of oxalic acid in pathogenicity of white-rot fungi, we conducted spatial quantification of oxalate, transcript levels of related fungal genes, and element concentrations in heartwood of Norway spruce challenged naturally by Heterobasidion parviporum. In the pathogen-compromised reaction zone, upregulation of an oxaloacetase gene generating oxalic acid coincided with oxalate and cation accumulation and presence of calcium oxalate crystals. The colonized inner heartwood showed trace amounts of oxalate. Moreover, fungal exposure to the reaction zone under laboratory conditions induced oxaloacetase and oxalate accumulation, whereas heartwood induced a decarboxylase gene involved in degradation of oxalate. The excess level of cations in defense xylem inactivates pathogen-secreted oxalate through precipitation and, presumably, only after cation neutralization can oxalic acid participate in lignocellulose degradation. This necessitates enhanced production of oxalic acid by H. parviporum. This study is the first to determine the true influence of white-rot fungi on oxalate crystal formation in tree xylem.
Forfattere
Nicholas Clarke Richard Fischer Wim De Vries Lars Lundin Dario Papale Timo Vesala Päivi Merilä Giorgio Matteucci Michael Mirtl David Simpson Elena PaolettiSammendrag
Data from existing monitoring programmes such as ICP Forests, ICP Integrated Monitoring and EMEP, as well as from large-scale international projects such as CarboEurope IP and NitroEurope, can be used to answer questions about the impacts of air pollution and climate change on forest ecosystems and the feedbacks of forest to climate. However, for full use to be made of the available data, a number of questions need to be answered related to the availability, accessibility, quality and comparability of the data. For example, how can these databases be accessed, e.g., freely, over the internet, on request, by authorisation? How should intellectual property rights be protected, while improving access to data? What possibilities exist for harmonisation? Which quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures have been used and for how long? These and other relevant questions are discussed.
Forfattere
Hans Dieter Nagel Thomas Scheuschner Angela Schlutow Oliver Granke Nicholas Clarke Richard FischerSammendrag
Based on intensive forest monitoring data, critical loads for acidification and eutrophication as well as their exceeedances were modelled for 107 Level II plots using the simple mass balance approach. Dynamic modelling using the VSD model was carried out for 77 plots using different deposition scenarios.Results show widespread soil acidification in the year 1980 with nearly 60% of the plots affected by critical load exceedances. A continued positive future development until 2020 is clearly visible, leading to full protection at least under the most ambitious deposition scenario.Critical loads for nutrient nitrogen were exceeded on 60% of the plots in 1980 and continue to be so in 2020 on between 10 and 30% of the plots depending on the scenario. Dynamic modelling shows that soil solution pH can recover to pre-industrial values but that over the all the 77 plots the C:N ratio shows a continuous decrease until 2050.A comparison with to measured solid soil pH from large scale plots confirms recovery for acidified soils until 2008 but shows increased acidification on soils with pH above 4.0. and points to the fact that full recovery from acidification will take decades. Decreasing C:N and continued exceedance of critical loads for nutrient nitrogen point to soil eutrophication as a major and continued area of concern.
Sammendrag
I 2010 inngikk åtte flater i den intensive skogovervåkingen der utviklingen av skogøkosystemet i Norge blir fulgt. Disse flatene inngår i det nasjonale ”Overvåkingsprogram for skogskader”, og de er også en del av det europeiske nettverket av intensive skogovervåkingsflater, der 39 europeiske land deltar med mer enn 800 flater (ICP Forests). Intensiv skogovervåking er utført her i landet siden midten av 1980-tallet, med tidsserier som beskriver endringer i skogøkosystemet. Hovedformålet er å beskrive skogens helsetilstand og belyse virkninger av langtransporterte forurensninger på skogøkosystemet. Observasjonene fra 2010 og utviklingen fra 1986 presenteres i denne rapporten....
Sammendrag
We used two datasets of 14C analyses of archived soil samples to study carbon turnover in O horizons from spruce dominated old-growth stands on well-drained podzols in Scandinavia. The main data set was obtained from archived samples from the National Forest Soil Inventory in Sweden and represents a climatic gradient in temperature. Composite samples from 1966, 1972, 1983 and 2000 from four different regions in a latitude gradient ranging from 57 to 67º N were analysed for 14C content. Along this gradient the C stock in the O horizon ranges from 2.1 kg m-2 in the north to 3.7 kg m-2 in the southwest. The other data set contains 14C analyses from 1986, 1987, 1991, 1996 and 2004 from the O horizons in Birkenes, Norway. Mean residence times (MRT) were calculated using a two compartment model, with a litter decomposition compartment using mass loss data from the literature for the threefirst years of decomposition and a humus decomposition compartment with a fitted constant turnover rate. We hypothesized that the climatic gradient would result in different C turnover in different parts of the country between northern and southern Sweden. The use of archived soil samples was very valuable for constraining the MRT calculations, which showed that there were differences between the regions. Longest MRT was found in the northernmost region (41 years), with decreasing residence times through the middle (36 years) and central Sweden (28 years), then again increasing in the southwestern region (40 years). The size of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool in the O horizon was mainly related to differences in litter input and to a lesser degree to MRT. Because N deposition leads both to larger litter input and to longer MRT, we suggest that N deposition contributes significantly to the latitudinal SOC gradient in Scandinavia, with approximately twice as much SOC in the O horizon in the south compared to the north. The data from Birkenes was in good agreement with the Swedish dataset with MRT estimated to 34 years.