Anita Sønsteby
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The effect of steam thermotherapy on Botrytis spp. populations in strawberry transplants was evaluated. Tray plants rooted in 0.2 L peat plugs of seasonal flowering cvs. Falco, Sonsation, and Soprano, and everbearing cvs. Favori and Murano were pre-treated with steam at 37 °C for 1 h, followed by 1 h at ambient temperature and air humidity, and then 2 or 4 h steam treatment at 44 °C. Except for one cultivar with a slight reduction in yield, there were no negative effects on plant performance. Compared to untreated transplants, mean incidence of Botrytis on the five cultivars was reduced by 43 and 86% with the 2 and 4 h treatments, respectively. Within cultivars the reduction was significant in 2 and 3 experiments following the 2 and 4 h treatments, respectively. Sclerotia from four different isolates of Botrytis were subjected to treatment including 4 h of steam thermotherapy and subsequently tested for viability. Following 14 days of incubation, 90 to 100% (mean 97%) of treated sclerotia failed to produce mycelial growth compared with untreated sclerotia, which all germinated and produced mycelia. Botrytis isolates recovered from both treated and untreated strawberry transplants were tested for resistance to seven fungicides, including boscalid, fenhexamid, fludioxonil, fluopyram, pyraclostrobin, pyrimethanil and thiophanate-methyl. Multiple fungicide resistance was common; 35.5% of isolates were resistant to fungicides from at least three FRAC groups. Results indicate that steam thermotherapy treatment strongly reduces populations of Botrytis spp., including fungicide-resistant strains, in strawberry transplants with negligible negative impacts on the transplants.
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Siv Mari Aurdal Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Trond Haraldsen Krzysztof Kusnierek Anita Sønsteby Siv Fagertun RembergSammendrag
Cultivation of strawberries in greenhouses and polytunnels is increasing, and new sustainable growing media are needed to replace peat and coconut coir. This study investigated the effect of wood fiber and compost as growing media on hydroponically cultivated strawberries. Two experiments were conducted, where the everbearing cultivar ‘Murano’ was grown in mixtures of wood fiber and compost (Experiment 1) and the seasonal flowering cultivar ‘Malling Centenary’ was grown in mixtures of wood fiber and peat (Experiment 2). Additionally, in Experiment 2, the effect of adding start fertilizer was assessed. The yield potential of ‘Murano’ plants was maintained in all substrates compared to the coconut coir control. However, a mixture of 75% wood fiber and 25% compost produced the highest yield, suggesting that mixtures of nutritious materials with wood fiber may improve plant performance. The chemical composition of the berries was not affected by the substrate composition; however, berries from plants grown in the best performing blend had a lower firmness than those grown in coconut coir. ‘Malling Centenary’ plants produced higher yields in substrates enriched with start fertilizer. Generally, the productivity of ‘Malling Centenary’ plants was maintained in blends containing up to 75% of wood fiber mixture even without start fertilizer.
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F. M. R. Ziegler Anita Sønsteby A. Masny B. Schulten V. Uglosch M. Franzen L. Munnes S. Osorio Algar B. UsadelSammendrag
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Samia Samad Rodmar Isak Rivero Pruthvi Balachandra Kalyandurg Ramesh Raju Vetukuri Ola M. Heide Anita Sønsteby Sammar KhalilSammendrag
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Delphine M. Pott Sara Duran-Soria J. William Allwood Simon Pont Sandra L. Gordon Nikki Jennings Ceri Austin Derek Stewart Rex M. Brennan Agnieszka Masny Anita Sønsteby Erika Krüger Dorota Jarret Jose G. Vallarino Björn Usadel Sonia OsorioSammendrag
This work aims to determine the effect of genotype x environment (GxE) interaction that influence blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) fruit quality. We applied metabolomics-driven analysis on fruits from four cultivars grown in contrasting European-locations over two seasons. By integrating metabolomics and sensory analysis, we also defined specific metabolic signatures associated with consumer acceptance. Our results showed that rainfall is a crucial factor associated with accumulation of delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, the two mayor blackcurrant pigments meanwhile temperature affects the main organic acid levels which can be decisive for fruit taste. Sensorial analysis showed that increases in terpenoid and acetate ester volatiles were strongly associated with higher appreciation score, while proacacipetalin, a cyanogenic-glycoside, was positively associated to bitter taste. Our results pave the way for the selection of high-quality cultivars and suitable production sites for blackcurrant cultivation.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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The morphogenetic changes of the bud meristem during floral initiation in gooseberry were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Six floral stages, similar to those reported for black currants, were identified. We also studied the environmental control of shoot growth and floral initiation of cvs. Mucurines, Pax and Xenia in two experiments in daylight phytotron compartments at 12, 18 and 24°C. Under natural daylength conditions at Ås, Norway (69°40’N), shoot growth started to decline by mid-August and ceased in early September. Cessation of growth was associated with floral initiation at 18 and 12°C, while at 24°C, only ‘Mucurines’ initiated floral primordia. Floral Stage 2 was reached by 3 September in ‘Mucurines’ and ‘Xenia’ at 18 and 12°C and nearly 2 weeks later in ‘Pax’. In a second experiment with controlled photoperiods, all cultivars ceased growing and initiated flowering in 10-h SD within 2–3 weeks, while in 20-h LD, growth continued for 8 weeks without floral initiation. Under 10-h SD conditions, all cultivars initiated flowers also at 24°C. Flowering performance in the following spring verified these results. We conclude that gooseberry is an obligatory SD plant with a critical photoperiod of 15–16 h.
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Erika Krüger Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Ola M. Heide Krzysztof Kusnierek Rodmar Isak Rivero Agnieszka Masny Iwona Sowik Bastienne Brauksiepe Klaus Eimert Daniela Mott Gianluca Savini Marino Demene Karine Guy Aurelie Petit Béatrice Denoyes Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Background There is limited information on the effect of environment on vegetative growth in everbearing (EB) strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) and its comparison with the situation in seasonal flowering types. Methods We investigated the effects of photoperiod (daylengths of 10 and 20 h) and temperature (12, 19 and 26 ℃) on leaf growth, dry matter production and partitioning, concentrations of soluble sugars, starch, and chlorophyll in the F1 hybrid ‘Delizzimo’ grown in a single experiment in daylight phytotron compartments in Norway. Results Plants grown in the long photoperiod (LD) and higher temperatures had greater leaf growth and higher dry matter production than those under short day (SD) and low temperature conditions. Growth decreased over the 39 days of the experiment. The changes in growth in the different environments were associated with changes in relative growth rate (RGR) and these were driven by changes in net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area ratio (LAR). The plants directed more dry matter to the leaves and crowns under LD and high temperature conditions and less dry matter to the roots, thus increasing the plant’s shoot to root ratio. Long days decreased the concentrations of sugars and starch in most of the tissues, while the effect of temperature was more complex. Higher temperatures increased the concentrations of sugars in the leaves in LD, while starch accumulated in the roots under SD and low temperature conditions. Sucrose accumulated temporarily in the crowns at the time of flower bud formation in LD and higher temperatures. Conclusions The results of the experiment demonstrate that the effects of photoperiod and temperature on the vegetative growth of everbearing strawberry are similar to those reported for seasonal-flowering strawberry. Increases in temperature and photoperiod and the resulting enhancement of the RGR was associated with accumulation of soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) in the above-ground parts of the plant, whereas low temperature and SD resulted in accumulation of starch in the roots.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita Sønsteby Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Arne Stensvand Stanislav Strbac Dag Røen Henning Lyche RøedSammendrag
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Environmental conditions during plant raising determine the yield potential of everbearing strawberries. We studied the effect of three rooting dates in the cultivars ‘Favori’ and ‘Murano’ in a greenhouse with 18 ℃ and 20-h long day and under outdoor conditions in Norway. The highest yield of 1.350 g/plant was obtained in ‘Favori’ plants rooted on 1 August and raised outdoors, being at level with ‘Favori’ plants produced in The Netherlands. High yields were mainly related to fruit size and less to fruit number, and determined by a complex three-factor interaction of rooting date, raising environment, and cultivar. The seasonal pattern of fruit flushes and off periods varied significantly between cultivars and treatments. The large first flush of high yielding ‘Favori’ plants was associated with a long off period, while the small first flush in ‘Murano’ resulted in a more even crop distribution. Earliness of ripening and berry harvest was superior in ‘Favori’, which had a larger share of its crop during the first half-season. We conclude that it is possible by choosing the right rooting date and raising environment to produce plants with the same high quality and yield potential under the cool Nordic conditions as those currently produced in Central Europe.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Anita Sønsteby Krzysztof Kusnierek Trond Haraldsen Inger Gamme Ole M. Lygren Tor Kjetil KongsrudSammendrag
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Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Anita Sønsteby Krzysztof Kusnierek Trond Haraldsen Inger Gamme Ole M. Lygren Tor Kjetil KongsrudSammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Horticultural production systems are under pressure to find environmentally friendly growing media. Peat is currently the most popular substrate for fresh potted herbs production; however, this raw material is not sustainable due to the large amount of greenhouse gases released during its harvesting. Therefore, the goal of the study was to test the performance of various commercial wood fiber products and compare them with peat and coir in an ebb-and-flow production system with basil (Ocimum basilicum L. 'Marian'). Basil plants were grown in three different pot sizes (6, 9 and 12 cm in diameter) and under various fertigation regimes (EC 1, 2 and 3). Height and biomass of the plants were recorded when the best performing plants reached the commercial stage. The tallest plants and greatest biomass were produced in peat and coir, however, the results confirm that wood fiber can be a promising substrate alternative. Further research is needed to study, among others topics, how to modify some properties of wood fibers to fulfil their potential as a replacement for non-sustainable growing media in production of herbs in pots.
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Background Dormancy regulation in strawberry is a dynamic process that is causally interrelated with regulation of flowering. Interference between the two processes is therefore possible. Methods We studied dormancy control and its relation to flowering and runner formation in ‘Sonata’ strawberry under daylight phytotron conditions. Growth and flowering were observed in plants pretreated for 5 or 10 weeks at 10-h SD and 18-h LD at 6 and 18 ℃ and subsequently forced in a greenhouse in LD at 20 ℃ with and without previous chilling for 6 weeks at 2 ℃ in darkness. Results SD induced constrained leaf and inflorescence growth at both 6 and 18 ℃, while the typical strawberry semi-dormant condition was attained only by exposure to SD at 18 ℃ for 10 weeks, which also completely blocked runner formation. The constrained leaf and inflorescence growth observed in plants grown in SD at 18 ℃ were partially reversed by 6 weeks of chilling and gradually overcome in successively emerging leaves. While plants grown in LD at 18 ℃ for 10 weeks remained vegetative under subsequent forcing, they unexpectedly initiated flowers when subjected to chilling in darkness for 6 weeks before the forcing. Conclusions SD exposure at 18 ℃ constrained leaf and inflorescence growth in ‘Sonata’ strawberry, and when applied for 10 weeks, it induced the persistent semi-dormant state that is typical for strawberry. Transient growth constraints were also induced at 6 ℃ in both SD and LD, while the semi-dormant state was only attained by SD at the higher temperature. Flowering in complete darkness, which is known in both SD and LD plants, did also take place in ‘Sonata’ strawberry in response to chilling in the dark at 2 ℃ for 6 weeks. While the potential impact of the phenomenon seems limited for regulation of flowering in strawberry, we conclude that chilling in the dark at near-freezing temperature may substantially enhance flowering in marginally induced strawberry plants.
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Anne Linn Hykkerud Inger Martinussen Ewelina Wojciechowska Unni Myrheim Roos Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anne Linn Hykkerud Anita Sønsteby Inger Martinussen Ewelina Wojciechowska Unni Myrheim RoosSammendrag
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It is not known to what degree growth and fruit yield are source-limited in everbearing strawberry plants. The growth and yield performance effect of bi-weekly removal of all runners and/or one or two leaves during the cropping season of tunnel-grown ‘Favori’ everbearing strawberry plants was determined. Plants were grown on a table-top system in an open plastic tunnel under natural light conditions in Norway from May to October. Removal of runners and leaves was bi-weekly from 5 June until 25 September. Fruits were harvested from 5 July to 7 October. Bi-weekly runner removal increased total and marketable yield and number and size of fruits, while increasing leaf thinning had the opposite effects. However, none of the treatments affected the fruit number and yield of the first fruiting flush. The treatments did not affect realization of the yield potential of the plants at planting, whereas the continued floral initiation and fruit growth were enhanced by runner removal. Increasing leaf thinning had the opposite effects. Both floral initiation and fruit growth in heavily flowering and fruiting everbearing strawberry are source-limited owing to the high fruit/leaf ratio of such plants.
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The growing interest in using everbearing (EB) strawberry cultivars to extend the cultivation period has faced some challenges. These include poor runner production due to its perpetual flowering nature; irregular flowering behavior and extended periods of high temperature have caused floral inhibition and reduced yield. As flowering is an interplay between temperature and photoperiod, it is important to investigate the effects of this interaction on the cultivation. Therefore, this study used meristem dissection as a tool to study the effect of temperature and photoperiod on meristem development. Tray plants of two EB strawberry cultivars ‘Florentina’ and ‘Favori’ were grown at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C under short day (SD) conditions, and subsequently at 20 °C under long day (LD) conditions. The meristem development was analysed every 6 weeks for a 15-week period in SD and for 14 weeks in LD conditions using meristem dissection. The plants showed similar flowering patterns to previously studied everbearing cultivars, which was qualitative LD plants at high temperatures and quantitative LD plants at lower temperatures. Our results show that meristem dissection can be used to determine the temperature and photoperiodic effect on meristem development, and for the occurrence of cropping peaks, and can therefore be used to decide the environmental input and to evaluate yield potential.
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There is little knowledge about photosynthesis in everbearing strawberry cultivars. We therefore grew three everbearing strawberry cultivars in daylight phytotron compartments at temperatures of 9, 15, 21 and 27°C and photoperiods of 10 h (SD) and 20 h (LD). After three weeks, the rates of dark respiration and photosynthesis and their acclimation were measured in 'Favouri'. Photosynthesis of plants grown in the various conditions was measured as CO2-uptake with an infrared gas analyzer at increasing irradiances (50-1000 µmol quanta m‑2 s‑1) and temperatures ranging from 9 to 27°C. In the dark, CO2-production (dark respiration) increased with increasing measuring temperature and was always largest in plants grown at low temperature (9°C) with no significant effect of photoperiod. Photosynthetic CO2-uptake was lowest at almost all irradiances in plants grown at 9°C, and with no clear effect of growth temperatures in the 15-27°C range. At saturating irradiances (500-1000 µmol), CO2-uptake increased with increasing measuring temperatures, reaching a plateau at about 21°C for plants grown at 15-27°C in SD and at 21-27°C in LD. For plants grown at 15°C in LD, the maximum CO2-uptake rate was obtained at 27°C. Light response curves showed that CO2-uptake increased with increasing irradiance and measuring temperatures and that the irradiance effect was markedly enhanced by increasing growth temperature. Maximum uptake rates were lowest for plants grown at 9°C at both photoperiods and highest for plants grown at 15°C in SD. Comparison of plants of 'Altess', 'Favouri' and 'Murano' at 500 µmol irradiance and 21°C revealed no significant differences in photosynthetic efficiency between the cultivars. Generally, the everbearing strawberry cultivars showed considerable photosynthetic plasticity to temperature within the 9-27°C range, although with an overall optimum at 15-21°C.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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The environmental control of dormancy and its relation to flowering and runner formation is poorly understood in everbearing (EB) strawberry cultivars. We studied the topic by growing plants of the seed-propagated F1-hybrid ‘Delizzimo’ and the runner-propagated ‘Favori’ cultivar in daylight phytotron compartments under short day (SD) and long day (LD) conditions at temperatures of 6, 16 or 26 °C for 5 and 10 weeks. This was followed by forcing at 20 °C and 20-h photoperiod for 10 weeks with and without preceding chilling at 2 °C for 6 weeks. The results showed that dormancy in EB strawberry is regulated by a complex interaction of temperature, photoperiod and chilling in much the same way as known for seasonal flowering (SF) cultivars. Surprisingly, the EB cultivars exhibited the same SD dormancy induction response as SF cultivars, despite their opposite photoperiodic flowering requirements. However, at 26 °C the EB cultivars developed partial dormancy also under LD conditions. As known for SF cultivars, none of the EB cultivars became dormant at 6 °C regardless of daylength conditions, whereas they were increasingly sensitive to SD dormancy induction at intermediate and high temperatures. Similar to SF cultivars, the EB cultivars needed exposure to SD and relatively high temperatures for at least 10 weeks for attainment of the semi-dormant state that is typical for strawberry in general. As reported for SF cultivars, there was a close interrelation between the control of flowering, runner formation and dormancy also in the EB cultivars. ‘Favori’ had an obligatory LD requirement for flowering at 26 °C and was almost day neutral at 16 °C, while ‘Delizzimo’ behaved as a quantitative LD plant at both temperatures, and both cultivars were completely day neutral at 6 °C. Except for the stricter LD control of flowering in ‘Favori’, the overall environmental responses were quite similar in the two genetically distant cultivars. Chilling for six weeks at 2 °C was adequate for complete reversal of the constrained elongation of leaf petioles and flower trusses in dormant plants, but had little or no effect on the degree of flowering and runner formation.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Krzysztof Kusnierek Unni Myrheim Roos Sofie Andersen Katrin Zimmer Anita SønstebySammendrag
The use of peat as a growing media in horticulture is supposed to be reduced due to negative effects of its production on the environment. Interest in development of alternative growing media is therefore increasing and is enhanced by both political pressure and industry demands. Therefore, the influence of 33 growing media on the performance and productivity of two strawberry cultivars were examined in a polytunnel under Nordic conditions (60.7 N). Alternative substrates including fibers of spruce, birch and flax and coffee grounds were tested standalone or in mixes. Peat and coir were included as controls. Additionally, impregnation of the wood fibers with organic and inorganic substances was examined. All investigated growing media received identical fertigation strategies (EC 1.5). The highest average biomass production was observed for plants grown in bare peat; however, the best yield performance was noted for peat mixed with perlite and for coarse spruce fiber. Strawberries grown in these two best performing substrates showed comparable overall productivity, with 272 and 268 g of berries per plant, respectively. Both peat/perlite mix and the coarse spruce fiber had also a similar weight of berries larger than 25 mm, with 210 and 198 g plant-1, respectively. Moreover, improvement of the substrate structure by adding perlite or wood chips may have had a pronounced effect on fruiting performance. When compared to peat with added perlite (which gave the highest berry yield in the experiment; 272 g plant-1), strawberries grown in pure peat produced only 187 g plant-1. Furthermore, impregnation of spruce fiber with humic acid enhanced fruiting performance by increasing the total yield and number of large berries (≥25 mm). Future prospects for this study include establishment of an optimal structure of spruce fiber substrate suitable for strawberry production and development of the fertigation strategy optimized for the new growing media.
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Sara Durán-Soria Delphine M. Pott Frank Will Jennifer Mesa-Marín Mariusz Lewandowski Karolina Celejewska Agnieszka Masny Edward Zurawicz Nikki Jennings Anita Sønsteby Erika Krüger Sonia OsorioSammendrag
Promoting the consumption of fruits is a key objective of nutrition policy campaigns due to their associated health benefits. Raspberries are well appreciated for their remarkable flavor and nutritional value attributable to their antioxidant properties. Consequently, one of the objectives of present-day raspberry breeding programs is to improve the fruit’s sensory and nutritive characteristics. However, developing new genotypes with enhanced quality traits is a complex task due to the intricate impacts genetic and environmental factors have on these attributes, and the difficulty to phenotype them. We used a multi-platform metabolomic approach to compare flavor- and nutritional-related metabolite profiles of four raspberry cultivars (‘Glen Ample’, ‘Schönemann’, ‘Tulameen’ and ‘Veten’) grown in different European climates. Although the cultivars appear to be better adapted to high latitudes, for their content in soluble solids and acidity, multivariate statistical analyses allowed us to underscore important genotypic differences based on the profiles of important metabolites. ‘Schönemann’ and ‘Veten’ were characterized by high levels of anthocyanins and ellagitannins, respectively, ‘Tulameen’ by its acidity, and ‘Glen Ample’ for its content of sucrose and β-ionone, two main flavor contributors. Our results confirmed the value of metabolomic-driven approaches, which may foster the development of cultivars with enhanced health properties and flavor.
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Erika Krüger B. Brauksiepe P. Chartier M.-N. Demene B. Denoye K. Eimert I. Sowik A. Masny G. Savini Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Erika Krüger Frank Will Keshav Kumar Karolina Celejewska Philippe Chartier Agnieszka Masny Daniela Mott Aurelie Petit Gianluca Savini Anita SønstebySammendrag
The effect of cultivar and environmental variations and their interaction on anthocyanin components of strawberry were assessed for six cultivars grown in five locations from North to South of Europe in two different years. To evaluate the impact of latitude- and altitude-related factors, daily mean (Tmean), maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature and global radiation accumulated for 3, 5, 10 and 15 days before fruit sampling, was analyzed. In general, fruits grown in the south were more enriched in total anthocyanin and pelargonidin-3-glucoside (pel-3-glc), the most abundant anthocyanin in strawberry. Principal component analysis (PCA) provided a separation of the growing locations within a cultivar due to latitudinal climatic differences, temporary weather changes before fruit collection and cultivation technique. PCA also depicted different patterns for anthocyanin distribution indicating a cultivar specific reaction on the environmental factors. The linear regression analysis showed that pel-3-glc was relatively less affected by these factors, while the minor anthocyanins cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-(6-O-malonyl)-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-(6-O-malonoyl)-glucoside were sensitive to Tmax. The global radiation strongly increased cya-3-mal-glc in ‘Frida’ and pel-3-rut in ‘Frida’ and ‘Florence’. ‘Candonga’ accumulated less pel-3-glc and total anthocyanin with increased global radiation. The anthocyanin profiles of ‘Gariguette’ and ‘Clery’ were unaffected by environmental conditions.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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En prosjektgruppe med deltagelse fra Gartnerhallen, Graminor, Njøs Frukt- og Bærsenter, NLR, NIBIO, Gartnerforbundet, Norges Bondelag og Norsk Bonde- og Småbrukarlag har utredet behovet for, organiseringen av, og innholdet i et nasjonalt system for sortsprøving i frukt og bær. Prosjektgruppen foreslår at alle sorter i frukt og bær som skal dyrkes profesjonelt i Norge skal prøves for dyrking under norske dyrkingsforhold, gjennom et kvalitetssikret nasjonalt system for sortsprøving. Det skal også vurderes om prøvingen bør inneholde en form for sertifisering, f.eks. ved at sortsprøvingssystemet sertifiserer og at sorter som har gjennomgått prøvingen får en slags godkjenning. Både norske og utenlandske sortseiere, eller representanter for utenlandske sortseiere, skal ha mulighet for å få testet sorter i systemet, og det forutsettes at alle dyrkere har tilgang til informasjon om sorter som er testet ut.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Hydroponic production of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) in protected cultivation systems using substrates (growing media) is gaining popularity worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more sustainable growing media alternatives. This study focused on growth performance of strawberry plants grown in wood fibre from Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), in comparison to two industry standards (peat and coco fibres). Plug (tray) plants of the June-bearing strawberry cultivar 'Malling Centenary' and bare root (WBH) plants of cultivar 'Sonata' were transplanted into three different growing media: peat (80%) and perlite (20%) mixture, coconut coir (100%) and Norway spruce wood fibre (100%). The plants received four fertigation strategies (various potassium and nitrogen concentrations) from flowering onwards. Throughout the production season ripe berries were harvested and frozen for later analyses of chemical composition. Plant architecture was also recorded after termination of the experiment. The results revealed that the most significant differences among the majority of the fruit and plant parameters were due to cultivar traits. Strawberries grown in wood fibre produced slightly smaller berries with elevated °Brix and dry matter compared to berries from plants grown in peat and coir. This was most likely caused by the common fertigation strategy applied to all substrates. Nevertheless, among the tested fertigation strategies, application of solutions with elevated potassium resulted in the highest sugar accumulation in berries grown in wood fibre substrate. In general, the experiment revealed relatively negligible differences between the growing media, and we therefore conclude that wood fibre from Norway spruce may be a viable alternative as a growing media in hydroponic strawberry production when the fertigation strategy is precisely adjusted.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anne Linn Hykkerud Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Ewelina Wojciechowska Unni Myrheim Roos Anita SønstebySammendrag
Bærproduksjon i plasttunnel har blitt trukket frem som en løsning for økologisk bærdyrking. Et slikt produksjonssystem er relativt nytt i Norge, og det er behov for mer kunnskap for å optimalisere produksjonen. I perioden 2017-2019 har vi gjennom prosjektet “Økologisk tunnelbær og flytende næring”, finansiert av Kunnskapsutviklingsmidler for økologisk produksjon i NIBIO, hatt ulike forsøk ved forskningsstasjonene Holt og Apelsvoll for å øke kunnskapen om dyrkingstekniske utfordringer for økologisk bærproduksjon.
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BACKGROUND: Bud dormancy is a quantitative condition that is gradually acquired and lost. Better and more convenient methods for assessment of the time of dormancy entrance of woody plants are highly needed. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate a simple and convenient method for determination of dormancy in woody plants. METHODS: We employed a seasonal series of soft tipping of vigorously growing annual shoots and used the loss of ability of subtending lateral buds to break and grow as a measure of entrance into dormancy. RESULTS: There was a gradual decline in the ability of the buds to burst and grow during the month of July and early August, culminating with a complete loss of this ability. This coincided with the known time of growth cessation and dormancy induction in shoots of intact plants and occurred in the berry shrubs raspberry and black currant and the forest tree silver birch. CONCLUSIONS: The decline and loss of ability of the buds to grow during late summer is a direct expression of the entrance of buds into the state of endodormancy, rendering the tipping method a simple and convenient method for precise determination of the time of entrance into dormancy in woody plants.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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BACKGROUND:The predicted and ongoing climate warming can have far-reaching effects on plant growth and life cycle. Therefore, there is need for simple and convenient methods for analysis and monitoring of consequences of the ongoing warming. OBJECTIVE:To demonstrate the usefulness of so-called climate-photothermographs for studying the consequences of the ongoing warming for production of berry crops. METHODS:Local photothermal climates can be expressed by so-called climate-photothermographs, which show the relationship between temperature and daylength for each month of the year in a rectangular coordinate diagram. When superimposing critical response curves for plant development processes on top of such a diagram, the limitations of the given climate for fulfilment of the processes can be readily assessed. RESULTS:Consequences of 2°C warming for critical development processes such as transition to flowering and breaking of winter dormancy in the berry crops raspberry, black currant and strawberry were clearly exposed by the technique. The locations Geisenheim, Germany and Ås, Norway were used as examples. Inadequate winter chill was identified as the most limiting factor for these crops. CONCLUSIONS:We conclude that the technique is an efficient and convenient tool for monitoring the consequences of climate warming for berry crops.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Four raspberry cultivars were grown at two different latitudes namely in Geisenheim (DE, 49°60’N; 7°57’E) and in Kapp (NO, 60°42’N; 10°52’E) to investigate the impact of these growing sites on primary and secondary fruit chemical ingredients in the 2017 season. Fruits were harvested at two picking dates each with three field replications. Contents of °Brix, glucose, fructose, sucrose, organic acids, ascorbic acid, polyols, total polyphenols, and anthocyanins were analyzed in the fruits. The geographic growing sites, which in this case is more than10 latitudes between HGU in Germany and NIBIO in Norway, has partly no, partly significant effects on the primary and secondary ingredients of the investigated raspberry cultivars. In respect to the created data set, temperatures shortly before or at the picking dates were not considered. It may be expected that temperatures at harvest have an effect on the fruit ingredients and therefore on a further classification of the samples.
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Sara Duran-Soria Delphine M. Pott William Allwood Erika Krüger Anita Sønsteby Agnieszka Masny Björn Usadel Dorota Jarret Sonia OsorioSammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Growth cessation and floral initiation in black currant and red raspberry are jointly controlled by the interaction of temperature and short-day (SD) conditions, and the processes coincide in time in both natural and controlled environments. The critical photoperiods for the two successional responses were found to be approximately 15 and 16 h, respectively, for a range of Western-European black currant cultivars. Both cessation of growth and floral initiation are promoted and enhanced by increasing temperature in the 9 to 24°C range. In contrast, biennial-fruiting red raspberry has a maximum temperature limit for growth cessation and floral initiation. At temperatures above 16°C, most cultivars grow and remain vegetative regardless of day length conditions, at 12 to 16°C they cease growing and initiate flower primordia in photoperiods <15 h, while at temperatures ≤12°C they cease growing and initiate floral primordia regardless of day length. In the annual-fruiting (primocane) types of red raspberry on the other hand, floral initiation is not constrained by high temperature, but readily takes place at temperatures up to 30°C. In addition, floral initiation is also enhanced by long day (LD) conditions in most of these cultivars. Another fundamental physiological difference is that while floral primordia of the biennial types become dormant after initiation, they proceed directly to anthesis in the annual-fruiting types. Chilling at -5°C, and in the -5 to +5°C temperature range were found to be optimal for breaking of bud dormancy and promotion of flowering in black currant and red raspberry, respectively. In black currant, 14 weeks of chilling were optimal, while for raspberry, 20 or more weeks were required for full dormancy release and promotion of flowering along the entire length of the raspberry cane. The consequences of climate warming for the production of these species in different climatic regions are discussed.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Trond Knapp Haraldsen Anita Sønsteby Inger Gamme Tor Kjetil KongsrudSammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Krzysztof Kusnierek Sofie Andersen Kristian Rindal Unni Myrheim Roos Anita SønstebySammendrag
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J. William Allwood Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Yun Xu Alexandre Foito Kjersti Aaby Julie Sungurtas Sabine Freitag Royston Goodacre Derek Stewart Siv Fagertun Remberg Ola M Heide Anita SønstebySammendrag
Introduction Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) is an excellent example of a “super fruit” with potential health benefits. Both genotype and cultivation environment are known to affect the chemical composition of blackcurrant, especially ascorbic acid and various phenolic compounds. Environmental conditions, like temperature, solar radiation and precipitation can also have significant impact on fruit chemical composition. The relevance of the study is further accentuated by the predicted and ongoing changes in global climate. Objectives The aim of the present study was to provide new knowledge and a deeper understanding of the effects of post flowering environmental conditions, namely temperature and day length, on fruit quality and chemical composition of blackcurrant using an untargeted high performance liquid chromatography–photo diode array–mass spectrometry (HPLC– PDA–MS) metabolomics approach. Methods A phytotron experiment with cultivation of single-stemmed potted plants of blackcurrant cv. Narve Viking was conducted using constant temperatures of 12, 18 or 24 °C and three different photoperiods (short day, short day with night interruption, and natural summer daylight conditions). Plants were also grown under ambient outdoor conditions. Ripe berries were analysed using an untargeted HPLC–PDA–MS metabolomics approach to detect the presence and concentration of molecules as affected by controlled climatic factors. Results The untargeted metabolomics dataset contained a total of 7274 deconvolved retention time-m/z pairs across both electrospray ionisation (ESI) positive and negative polarities, from which 549 metabolites were identified or minimally annotated based upon accurate mass MS. Conventional principal component analysis (PCA) in combination with the Friedman significance test were applied to first identify which metabolites responded to temperature in a linear fashion. Multi-block hierarchical PCA in combination with the Friedman significance test was secondly applied to identify metabolites that were responsive to different day length conditions. Temperature had significant effect on a total of 365 metabolites representing a diverse range of chemical classes. It was observed that ripening of the blackcurrant berries under ambient conditions, compared to controlled conditions, resulted in an increased accumulation of 34 annotated metabolites, mainly anthocyanins and flavonoids. 18 metabolites were found to be regulated differentially under the different daylength conditions. Moreover, based upon the most abundant anthocyanins, a comparison between targeted and untargeted analyses, revealed a close convergence of the two analytical methods. Therefore, the study not just illustrates the value of non-targeted metabolomics approaches with respect to the huge diversity and numbers of significantly changed metabolites detected (and which would be missed by conventional targeted analyses), but also shows the validity of the non-targeted approach with respect to its precision compared to targeted analyses. Conclusions Blackcurrant maturation under controlled ambient conditions revealed a number of insightful relationships between environment and chemical composition of the fruit. A prominent reduction of the most abundant anthocyanins under the highest temperature treatments indicated that blackcurrant berries in general may accumulate lower total anthocyanins in years with extreme hot summer conditions. HPLC–PDA–MS metabolomics is an excellent method for broad analysis of chemical composition of berries rich in phenolic compounds. Moreover, the experiment in controlled phytotron conditions provided additional knowledge concerning plant interactions with the environment.
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The predicted and ongoing climate warming is expected to affect many aspects of plant development. We analysed data from a 31-year series of observations (1985–2016) on spring phenology and flowering and fruiting performance of three plum cultivars in an experimental orchard at Ås in southeast Norway (59° 40′N; 10° 50′E). Regression analyses revealed a trend of increasing March and April temperature during the study period that was highly significantly (P < 0.001) negatively correlated with the date of full bloom (FB). On average for all cultivars, blooming was advanced by 10 days over the study period. August and September temperature, which also increased significantly during the study period, was closely positively correlated with the amount of flowering in the subsequent spring and also interacted with early spring temperature in advancing blooming time. Investigation of the time of floral initiation in two of the studied plum cultivars revealed that the transition to reproductive development took place in early to mid-August. This finding strongly suggests that the close positive correlation between August-September temperature and the amount of flowering in plum observed in this and other studies, is causally linked to a specific physiological effect of elevated temperature on the flower bud formation process. Increasing March and April temperatures during the last 30 years has advanced blooming and spring phenology in plum and the resulting extension of the growing season has led to increasing fruit size at harvest. We conclude that so far, the ongoing climate warming appears to have been positive for plum production in the cool Nordic environment. However, an increasing risk of frost associated with earlier blooming will represent a potential negative effect of continued warming.
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Flowering performance and phenology of six new pear cultivars of Nordic origin were examined during a 12 year period. The seasonal timing of shoot growth and flower initiation were monitored in three years. The morphological floral stages of the flower bud formation process were examined for the cultivar ‘Celina’. Seven floral stages were identified and described. The date of full bloom varied between years as a function of the currently accumulated heat sum in early spring. Still, the earliness ranking of the cultivars was consistent across years for both flower initiation and blooming. The cultivars ‘Anna’ and ‘Ingeborg’ consistently initiated floral primordia 2–3 weeks earlier than ‘Celina’, ‘Clara Frijs’, ‘Fritjof’ and ‘Kristina’, and this was accompanied with 4–5 days earlier blooming in the following spring. The early flower initiation cultivars ‘Anna’ and ‘Ingeborg’ also had richer flowering than the late-blooming cultivars. ‘Fritjof’ was identified as a suitable pollinator for ‘Celina’ in the Nordic climate. Comparison of the flowering phenology of pear and apple cultivars showed that while the pears, on average, flowered a week ahead of the apples, they initiated flower primordia almost two weeks later, thus rendering the intervening period approximately three weeks longer in pear than in apple
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BACKGROUND: There is a search for raspberry cultivars with high sensory quality. The best way to determine sensory quality is by descriptive analysis. To perform sensory analysis by a trained panel is, however, not always feasible. Therefore, there is a need for instrumental measurements that correlate with sensory attributes. OBJECTIVE: To characterize eight genotypes of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and to correlate sensory attributes with instrumentally determined quality. METHODS: Raspberry fruits were analysed by descriptive sensory analysis and by instrumental measurements, i.e. colour, total monomeric anthocyanins, soluble solids (SS), pH, titratable acidity (TA) and volatile compounds. The relationships between sensory attributes and instrumentally measured quality were determined by partial least square regression and by univariate correlation analysis. RESULTS: Sour and green odours/flavours versus chemical and cloying odours/flavours described most of the sensory variation of the raspberry genotypes. TA correlated with acidic taste, astringency and flavour intensity. SS/TA was positively correlated with sour flavour and sweet taste and negatively correlated with acidic taste and astringency. C6-aldehydes and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol correlated positively with green flavour. _-ionone and _-ionone correlated with flower odour and flavour, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Eight raspberry genotypes were characterized. Important sensory attributes could be predicted by instrumental measurements.
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We grew young sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees under controlled temperature and natural summer daylight conditions in order to study the control of flowering of the species. Two experiments with the cultivars ‘Lapins’ and ‘Van’, were conducted and compared with field results with the same cultivars at Ås in southeast Norway (59° 40′N, 10° 50′E, 90 m a.s.l.). Shoot growth increased with increasing temperature in the 12–21 °C range, but ceased in late summer (August) regardless of temperature conditions. A marked drop in temperature always induced an immediate cessation of growth. Under field conditions at Ås, both growth cessation and floral initiation took place by about 1 August. Low temperature (12–15 °C) significantly enhanced flowering of both cultivars compared with 21 °C, which tended to depress flower bud formation during the summer but stimulated the subsequent flower differentiation process. These results concur with earlier regression analyses, which revealed a close positive correlation between historical records of sweet cherry yields over a 40-year period in farmer’s fields in the fjord districts of western Norway and previous year August-September temperature, and a negative correlation with previous year July temperature. Practical implications of the results are discussed and it is suggested that inadequate temperature control in rain-protected cultivation in plastic tunnels might have negative consequences for next year’s flowering and yield.
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The aim of the investigation was to assess and compare the environmental limits for growth cessation and floralinitiation in a range of new and established biennial-fruiting red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars of diverseorigin under phytotron and field conditions. The results confirmed that growth cessation and floral initiation inbiennial-fruiting red raspberry are jointly controlled by the interaction of low temperature and short days (SD).When transferred from non-inductive high temperature and long day (LD) conditions to naturally decreasingautumn daylengths at varying phytotron temperatures on 18 August, growth immediately levelled off and ceasedcompletely within 2 weeks in all cultivars at 9 °C. Serial dissections of lateral buds revealed that floral initiationsimultaneously took place. At 15 °C on the other hand, the plants continued growing and remained vegetativeuntil around 15 September when the daylength had decreased to approximately 13 h. The change to 9 °C resultedin an immediate but short-lasting floral induction response that did not bring about initiation in buds situatednear the base of the canes, as was the case at 15 °C. At 18 °C, marginal floral induction took place only in thecultivars ‘Glen Ample’, ‘Balder’ and ‘Vene’, even at photoperiods down to 10 h, whereas at 21 °C, all cultivarsgrew vegetatively regardless of daylength conditions. However, exceptions were some plants of ‘Vene’ and‘Anitra’ that initiated terminal flowers at 18 and 21 °C and flowered directly without chilling (so-called tipflowering). Although some cultivars of Northern origin ceased growing and initiated floral primordia somewhatearlier (at longer photoperiods) than those of more southerly origin, the differences were relatively minor andnot consistent (no latitudinal cline). Results obtained in the field under decreasing autumn temperature anddaylength conditions agreed closely with the results in the phytotron. We therefore conclude that results ob-tained with raspberry in properly controlled daylight phytotron experiments are generally applicable to fieldconditions.
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Effects of annual versus biennial cropping with varying shoot densities on plant structure, berry yield and quality were studied in ‘Glen Ample’ raspberry over a period of four seasons (two cropping years). In the vegetative phase, primocane height and internode length were larger in the annual than in the biennial cropping system. These parameters as well as Botrytis infestation increased with increasing shoot density. In both cropping years, berry yields per unit area were about 20% higher in the biennial cropping system, whereas yields per shoot were not significantly different in the two systems. In both cropping systems, yields per shoot strongly declined with increasing shoot density, while yields per metre row increased slightly. Regardless of cropping system, yields per metre row did not increase with increasing shoot density beyond eight shoots per metre. The concentrations of dry matter, soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid as well as the intensity of juice colour all declined with increasing shoot density. We conclude that under controlled shoot density conditions, there is little scope for biennial yield increases that fully compensates for the lost crops every second year. However, the system greatly facilitates berry harvest and eases plant disease pressure.
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The effect of controlled nutrient feeding during the period of short day (SD) induction of flowering has been studied in three SD berry crops. An experimental system with standardized plant material grown with trickle fertigation in controlled environments was used. In strawberry, flowering was advanced and increased when an additional N pulse was given 1-2 weeks after commencement of a 4-week SD induction period, while the opposite resulted when the treatment was applied 2 weeks before start of SD. In blackcurrant, the highest flowering and yield were obtained when fertilization was applied shortly after the natural photoperiod had declined to the inductive length in September. While generous nutrient supply during spring and summer reduced berry soluble solids in blackcurrant, this was not observed with autumn fertilization. Autumn fertilization did not adversely affect plant winter survival or growth vigour in spring. Withdrawal of fertilization prior to, or at various stages during floral induction, did not significantly affect flowering and yield in raspberry, but marginally advanced flowering and fruit ripening.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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We examined the influence of fertigation on vegetative and generative parameters of strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and evaluated rapid analysing tools for N and K in leaf tissue. The experiments were undertaken in an open polytunnel on “table top” with ‘Sonata’ and ‘Korona’ grown in 2-L pots filled with a peat-based soil mixture. The experimental design was a randomized plot with three replications. Plants were fertigated with EC levels of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mS cm-1, based on two stock solutions of 7.5 kg YaraLiva™ Calcinit and 7.5 kg Kristalon™ Indigo, both dissolved in 100 L of water. Percentage N and K in leaves differed between analysing methods, cultivars, EC and date. We found interactions between the cultivar and EC level and between date and cultivar for N and K in leaf. Analysing NO3- by a photometric method (PM) in a lab, and by Laqua twin (LT), showed significant interaction with N% of leaf dry matter (DM) only for LT (r2=0.36). N% increased with higher EC level, more for ‘Korona’ than for ‘Sonata’. LT K+ did not correlate with K% (r2=0.014). The number of crowns and runners increased for both cultivars up to EC 1.5, while the number of leaves was unaffected. Petioles were the shortest at the lowest EC. Flower initiation was earlier at low EC in both cultivars. In the following spring, the time to flowering and first harvest was reduced with the decreasing EC. The number of flowers per plant increased up to EC 1.5, but dropped strongly at EC 2.0 for ‘Korona’, while ‘Sonata’ had a gradual increase of flowers with the increasing EC, but the number was only a third of ‘Korona’, except at EC 2.0, where the amount was equal for both cultivars. The conclusion can be drawn that LT correlated better than ChlDualex with N in strawberry leaves. However, r2 was only 0.36 indicating that LT NO3- is a coarse management tool. LT K+ was not a promising tool for rapid K+ test in these experiments. ‘Korona’ seemed to benefit of higher N levels for both vegetative growth and generative development than ‘Sonata’ up to EC 1.5, but ‘Sonata’ reached a higher floral primordia development stage in early October.
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Inger Martinussen Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Unni Myrheim Roos Anita Sønsteby Eivind Uleberg Anne Linn HykkerudSammendrag
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Inger Martinussen Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Unni Myrheim Roos Anita Sønsteby Eivind Uleberg Anne Linn HykkerudSammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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De siste årene har det vært en økende interesse for bærdyrking i plasttunell. Forskerne i NIBIO forbereder seg på at næringa vil få behov for ny kunnskap om dyrking i tunell.
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De siste årene har det vært en økende interesse for bærdyrking i plasttunell. Forskerne i NIBIO forbereder seg på at næringa vil få behov for ny kunnskap om dyrking i tunell.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita Sønsteby Åge Jørgensen Sigrid Mogan Jørn Haslestad Anne Kari Skjørdal Lill-Iren HansenSammendrag
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Elli A. Koskela Takeshi Kurokura Tuomas Toivainen Anita Sønsteby Ola M Heide Daniel J. Sargent Sachiko Isobe Laura Jaakola Hrannar Hilmarsson Paula Elomaa Timo HytönenSammendrag
• Vernalisation requirement is an agriculturally important trait that postpones the development of cold-sensitive floral organs until the spring. The family Rosaceae includes many agriculturally important fruit and berry crops that suffer from crop losses caused by frost injury to overwintering flower buds. Recently, a vernalisation-requiring accession of the Rosaceae model woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) has been identified in northern Norway. Understanding the molecular basis of the vernalisation requirement in this accession would advance the development of strawberry cultivars better adapted to temperate climate. • We use gene silencing, gene expression analysis, genetic mapping and population genomics to study the genetic basis of the vernalisation requirement in woodland strawberry. • Our results indicate that the woodland strawberry vernalisation requirement is endemic to northern Norwegian population, and mapping data suggest the orthologue of TERMINAL FLOWER1 (FvTFL1) as the causal floral repressor. We demonstrate that exceptionally low temperatures are needed to downregulate FvTFL1 and to make these plants competent to induce flowering at low postvernalisation temperatures in the spring. • We show that altered regulation of FvTFL1 in the northern Norwegian woodland strawberry accession postpones flower induction until the spring, allowing plants to avoid winter injuries of flower buds that commonly occur in temperate regions.
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BACKGROUND: It is questioned if Norwegian nurseries can compete with the continental nursery industry in an open market. OBJECTIVE: Investigated how quality of certified Norwegian strawberry transplants, developed and yielded from planting to first cropping year. METHODS: Plant qualities of Norwegian fresh and cold stored bare root- and plug-plants of ‘Korona’ and ‘Sonata’ were examined for establishing and yield parameters in the open, after three intervals of planting. Fresh plug-plants were delivered when available. Trials were established at NIBIO Research Station Kvithamar, Norway. Growth and yield parameters were registered in the establishing and cropping years. RESULTS: Plant establishment was poor in 2013 compared with 2014. Bare-root plants stored at 2–4°C generally developed poorly. Plug-plants established well at all delivery dates, except fresh plug in one year. Development of runner plants depended on plant type, cultivar and year. Plug- and bare root-plants planted immediately after first delivery generally developed best crowns. Primary flower primordia reached a more developed stage for ‘Sonata’ than for ‘Korona’. Fruit yield of bare root was low in the establishing years. Plant-types differed in yield and fruit weight between cropping years. CONCLUSIONS: Bare-root and plug- plants planted one day after delivery generally yielded best. Storage of bare-root plants generally reduced yield. Fresh plug plants had low yield when planted late. Fruit yield of A15 and A13 in the establishing year was not satisfactory.
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Plants of six strawberry cultivars were raised under controlled conditions and tested for flowering and yield potential. Short days (SD) at intermediate temperatures for 4 weeks in August induced profuse flowering in subsequent long days (LD) in all cultivars except the late-flowering ‘Malwina’. LD conditions induced flowering only in ‘Nobel’, which has an everbearing parent. ‘Nobel’ and ‘Saga’ exhibited broad temperature adaptation for SD floral induction, which was generally reduced or suppressed at 9 and 27°C. After autumn planting, all cultivars flowered most abundantly in plants raised in SD and intermediate temperatures. Flowering was earliest in ‘Nobel’ and ‘Rumba’. Plants that did not reach floral commitment after 4 weeks in SD continued and completed induction under subsequent natural SD conditions after planting in the field, demonstrating the capability of fractional induction. Berry yield varied in parallel with flowering in the field and was always higher in plants raised under SD conditions. The traditional cultivars ‘Florence’ and ‘Sonata’ out-yielded the more recent cultivars. Some cultivars lost more than two thirds of their initiated flowers during the winter with obvious consequences for their yields. With proper raising management, acceptable yields were obtained after autumn planting even in a cool Nordic climate.
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Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Anita Sønsteby Kjersti Aaby Berit Karoline Martinsen Ola M. Heide Anne-Berit Wold Siv Fagertun RembergSammendrag
BACKGROUND Marked effects of the climatic environment on fruit chemical composition have often been demonstrated in field experiments. However, complex covariations of several climatic factors in the natural environment complicate the interpretation of such experiments and the identification of the causal factors. This can be better achieved in a phytotron where the various climatic factors can be varied systematically. Therefore, we grew four black currant cultivars of contrasting origin in a phytotron under controlled post-flowering temperature and photoperiod conditions and analysed the berries for their ascorbic acid, sugar and organic acid contents. RESULTS The analyses revealed significant effects of genotype on all investigated compounds. Particularly large cultivar differences were observed in the concentrations of l-ascorbic acid (AA) and sucrose. The concentrations of both AA and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), as well as the concentrations of all major sugars, decreased consistently with an increasing temperature over the temperature range 12–24 °C. Fructose and glucose were the predominant sugars with concentrations several fold higher than that for sucrose. AA was the main contributor to the total ascorbate pool in black currant berries. The AA/DHAA ratio varied from 5.6 to 10.3 among the studied cultivars. The concentration of citric acid, which was the predominant organic acid in black currant berries, increased with an increasing temperature, whereas the opposite trend was observed for malic and shikimic acid. Quninic acid was always present at relatively low concentrations. By contrast, photoperiod had no significant effect on berry content of any of the investigated compounds. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the post-flowering temperature has marked effects on the concentration of important chemical compounds responsible for taste and nutritional value of black currant berries, whereas photoperiod has no such effect in the studied cultivars. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
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Black currant is a woody plant in which growth and development are intimately controlled by, and synchronised with seasonal changes in photoperiod and temperature. Concern over the potential impact of global warming on plant phenology and yield, led us to initiate relations. An experimental system with single-stemmed potted plants was developed which allowed a research program to address both qualitative and quantitative assessment of climatic responses. Growth cessation and flowering were both induced by short days, with critical photoperiods of approximately 17 and 16 h, respectively, for most cultivars. Both processes were advanced and promoted by increasing autumn temperature with an optimum in the 18-21°C region. An exception was cultivars of high-boreal origin, which had an early growth cessation at low temperature. Unexpectedly, however, not all plants flowered after exposure to 10 h photoperiod, and the number of flowers decreased as the photoperiod was reduced from the near-critical length of 15 h. This was due to premature dormancy induced by an abrupt change to photoperiods well below the critical level. Field experiments revealed that cultivars of varying geographic origin, exhibited a typical latitudinal cline in their photoperiodically controlled timing of growth and flowering responses. Breaking of bud dormancy and promotion of flower bud development required chilling at -5°C for 14 weeks or more for optimal responses. However, while chilling at -10°C for 8 weeks resulted in dormancy release, continued chilling to 16 weeks inhibited bud break completely. We therefore propose that excessive chilling induces secondary bud dormancy in black currant. The observed high chilling requirements of black currants concur with the reported vulnerability of this crop to declining winter chill in the wake of the ongoing global warming. Furthermore, such conditions also induce a particularly deep bud dormancy state that further increases the chilling need.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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The paper is a mini review on the climatic effects on berry production and berry quality in the Arctic north. Plants in the north are facing short growing seasons with low temperatures and long days with a unique light quality. The winter time is cold but with fluctuating temperatures, especially along the coast. Fluctuating winter temperatures and unstable snow cover is a challenge for the perennials that need to be dormant during winter time. Dormancy is induced in the autumn by a combination of day length and temperature. The wild berries domestic to the Nordic countries are adapted to these growth conditions while many of the commercially important berry species originate from more southern areas. Pre-breeding studies on interactions between genotype and environment are essential in order to develop climatically adapted berry cultivars for northern growth conditions.
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The effect of fertility status and temperature conditions during floral induction on flowering, berry yield,and weight and drupelet numbers of individual berries were studied in ‘Glen Ample’ raspberries grownunder controlled conditions. Withdrawal of normal fertilization prior to and at various stages duringfloral induction did not affect yield and berry size, but marginally advanced flowering and fruit ripening.The successive stages of floral initiation and differentiation were studied and identified by scanning elec-tron microscopy of the uppermost lateral buds of plants grown for six weeks under naturally decreasingautumn photoperiods at temperatures of 9, 15 and 21◦C. Low temperature advanced floral initiation, andadvanced and enhanced flowering and berry yield in the following season. However, at variance fromearlier studies, the plants eventually initiated flower primordia even at 21◦C. Marginal low temperatureand short day conditions during the last days before the temperature treatments were started on 17September might possibly have reduced the subsequent induction requirements enough to explain thisunexpected result. Correlation analyses revealed an over-all positive correlation between fruit weightand drupelet numbers (r = 0.568, P = 0.01). In berries from the early harvests, the number of drupelets perberry increased with decreasing temperature, while the numbers converged to the same level regardlessof temperature in the later harvests. Based on the progress of the floral initiation process at the vari-ous temperatures, we interpret this to mean that only the early initiated flowers, that gave rise to theearly maturing berries, were differentiated during the actual period of controlled temperature exposure,whereas the remaining flowers were differentiated afterwards when all plants were exposed to identicallow temperature conditions. Increased femaleness under optimal floral induction conditions is in agree-ment with results in both monoecious and dioecious plants and circumstantial evidence suggest that,in the raspberry, this might be mediated by changes in gibberellin activity which acts as a male sexualhormone in plants and is known to inhibit growth cessation and floral initiation in raspberry.
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Berry yield and chemical composition of four commercial black currant cultivars were recorded in a field experiment in Norway over an 8-year period and related by linear regression analysis to temperature and precipitation conditions prevailing during the May-July preharvest period. Highly significant differences between cultivars and among years were found for all measured parameters. Fruit dry matter, soluble solids and pH were positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with precipitation during May-July, while yield, berry weight, and the concentration of total phenols and ascorbic acid showed the opposite relationship, being highly negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with precipitation. Similar black currant experiments elsewhere in Europe have often given deviating results, varying from opposite to no effects of the same weather variables, suggesting that fruit composition is influenced by several interacting genetic and environmental parameters. We conclude that differences in local weather and soil conditions and the use of different cultivars complicate direct comparison of such field experiments. Nevertheless, the observed strong and opposite correlations with precipitation and temperature suggest an inherently low drought tolerance of black currant plants.
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In order to investigate the relationship between environmental conditions and vegetative growth and reproductive development in the strawberry, freshly rooted runner plants of the cultivar ‘Sonata’ were grown in a phytotron at temperatures of 12, 18 and 24 °C and photoperiods of 10 h short day (SD) and 20 h long day (LD) for 31 d and harvested at 10 d intervals. Plant dry weight and leaf area increases were exponential versus time, giving a linear regression with the natural log (ln). This rendered the relative growth rate (RGR) constant over time at each environmental condition. Over the entire 31 d growth period, the RGR increased linearly with increasing temperature across the range of temperatures with a further 10–13% enhancement by LD. A maximum RGR value of 0.077 g/g/d was determined in LD at 24 °C. Increases in the RGR was driven by a combined increase in net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) and was associated with an increased allocation of dry matter production into leaves and less into crowns and roots. Because of this, the shoot/root ratio increased consistently with increasing temperature and photoperiod, which was also associated with a significant increase in the tissue C/N concentration ratio. Low temperature promoted starch accumulation markedly in all parts of the plants, with a further enhancement by LD conditions, while the concentrations of soluble sugars were less affected by the climatic environment. Forcing of plants exposed to the various growth conditions for 31 d showed that all plants at 12 and 18 °C and 80% of those at 24 °C had initiated flowers in SD, whereas none had initiated flowers in LD regardless of temperature conditions. All these results demonstrate an opposite environmental relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive development in the strawberry.
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Tomasz Leszek Woznicki Kjersti Aaby Anita Sønsteby Ola M. Heide Anne-Berit Wold Siv Fagertun RembergSammendrag
The effects of postflowering temperature and daylength on the concentration of individual phenolic compounds were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) berries under controlled phytotron conditions. The four cultivars studied varied greatly in their concentrations of individual phenolic compounds and temperature stability for accumulation. The concentrations of a wide range of identified phenolic compounds were strongly influenced by temperature over the 12–24 °C range, often with opposite temperature gradient patterns for compounds within the same subclass. Accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonols increased under natural long day conditions, which provided an increased daily light integral, while under identical light energy conditions, photoperiod had little or no effect on the concentration of phenolic compounds. Furthermore, with the exception of members of the hydroxycinnamic acid subclass, the concentration of most phenolic compounds was higher in berries ripened outdoors than in the phytotron, apparently due to screening of UV-B radiation by the glass cover.
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As part of an overall assessment of the commercial suitability of strawberry cultivars for the Nordic environment, we studied 13 diverse cultivars in an experimental field in South East Norway. Early-maturing cultivars were characterized by early initiation of floral primordia and early flowering and fruit maturation. High temperatures in July and early August delayed floral initiation in the early cultivars, resulting in more synchronous initiation of early and late cultivars. The recent Norwegian cultivar ‘Nobel’, which has an everbearing parent, differed from the other cultivars by early initiation also at elevated summer temperature. Inadequate yield and berry size were identified as important causes for outdating of older cultivars, such as ‘Senga Sengana’ and ‘Glima’. Overall, the high-yielding and large-fruited ‘Sonata’ was judged as the best fresh consumption cultivar in Norway, and market trends indicate that it will continue to expand its market share at the expense of ‘Korona’, mainly because of inadequate fruit firmness and shelf life of the latter. Adequate yields and berry quality justify the use of the late maturing ‘Florence’ for prolongation of the fresh market season. The results are discussed together with practical experiences and market preferences in an attempt to provide overall cultivar recommendations for Norway.
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Populærvitenskapelig – Rett haustetid for bringebær
Jon Anders Stavang, Ola M. Heide, Anita Sønsteby
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Elli Aurora Koskela Anita Sønsteby Henryk Flachowsky Ola M. Heide Magda-Viola Hanke Paula Elomaa Timo HytönenSammendrag
The effects of daylength and temperature on flowering of the cultivated octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) have been studied extensively at the physiological level, but information on the molecular pathways controlling flowering in the species is scarce. The flowering pathway has been studied at the molecular level in the diploid short-day woodland strawberry (F. vesca L.), in which the FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FvFT1)–SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (FvSOC1)–TERMINAL FLOWER1 (FvTFL1) pathway is essential for the correct timing of flowering. In this work, we show by transgenic approach that the silencing of the floral repressor FaTFL1 in the octoploid short-day cultivar ‘Elsanta’ is sufficient to induce perpetual flowering under long days without direct changes in vegetative reproduction. We also demonstrate that although the genes FaFT1 and FaSOC1 show similar expression patterns in different cultivars, the regulation of FaTFL1 varies widely from cultivar to cultivar and is correlated with floral induction, indicating that the transcription of FaTFL1 occurs at least partially independently of the FaFT1–FaSOC1 module. Our results indicate that changing the expression patterns of FaTFL1 through biotechnological or conventional breeding approaches could result in strawberries with specific flowering and runnering characteristics including new types of everbearing cultivars.
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Nina Trandem Arne Stensvand Anita Sønsteby Dan H. Christensen Stine Huseby Jørn HaslestadSammendrag
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Adam Vivian-Smith Jørn Henrik Sønstebø Thomas Marcussen Eivind Uleberg Julie Graham Anita Sønsteby Inger MartinussenSammendrag
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Jon Anders Stavang Sabine Freitag Alexandre Foito Susan Verrall Ola M. Heide Derek Stewart Anita SønstebySammendrag
In order to identify the optimal harvest time and monitor changes in raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. cv. Glen Ample) fruit quality during ripening and storage, quality was assessed and compared by physical, chemical and sensory fruit quality criteria. Visual classification of fruit colour according to the Natural Colour System (NCS) chart and by physical measurement of fruit adherence to the receptacle or fruit compression resistance yielded parallel and highly significant results. The light red colour stage corresponding to NCS S code 3060-Y90R was identified as the optimal harvest stage for commercial fresh marketing of the ‘Glen Ample’ cultivar. Fruit harvested at this stage developed the same chemical and sensory qualities as in situ matured fruits and maintained high sensory quality after 8 days of storage in the dark at 2–3 °C. As the fruits mature, the concentration of titratable acids decreases, whereas the concentrations of anthocyanins and the sugar:acid ratio increase in parallel with colour development. While correlation analysis revealed a correlation between sensory traits like sweetness and acidity with sucrose and the sugar:acid ratio, respectively, the overall fruit tastefulness was not strongly correlated with any specific phytochemical component, thus illustrating the complex nature of this sensory trait. Due to its ease of performance, picking raspberry fruits related to a standardised colour chart is recommended for picking raspberry fruits with optimal quality.
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Sebastian Mazur Anita Sønsteby Arnfinn Nes Anne-Berit Wold A. Foito S Freitag Susan Ramsey Verrall Derek Stewart Ola M. HeideSammendrag
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Jørn Haslestad Stine Huseby Rune Vereide Dan Christensen Anita Sønsteby Dag-Ragnar Blystad Arne Stensvand Nina TrandemSammendrag
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Sebastian Mazur Anita Sønsteby Anne-Berit Wold A. Foito S Freitag S. Verrall S. Conner Derek Stewart Ola M. HeideSammendrag
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Ola M. Heide Sebastian Mazur Anne-Berit Wold Siv Fagertun Remberg Arnfinn Nes Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Seasonal time-courses of flower bud initiation and differentiation were monitored during two growing seasons (2011 and 2012) in 19 black currant cultivars of distant geographic origin, grown in the field at a South Norwegian locality (60°40’N, 10°52’E; 250 m asl). For comparison, the time-courses of shoot elongation growth in 15 of the same cultivars were also monitored during the 2012 growing season.The results revealed widely different seasonal timings of growth cessation and floral initiation in cultivars of different latitudinal origin. High latitude cultivars originating from crosses and selections of local, wild black currant populations from the Kola peninsula and Swedish Lapland were particularly early and had ceased growing and had initiated floral primordia by mid-June.This was approx. 5 – 6 weeks earlier than any of the other cultivars from lower latitudes. However, these also varied in their earliness of growth cessation and flower initiation in relation to their latitudinal origin. Many cultivars bred and selected in Southern Scandinavia, Scotland, and Poland did not cease growing and initiate floral primordia until late August, 9 weeks after the early, highlatitude cultivars. Overall, the 19 cultivars constituted a typical latitudinal cline in their photoperiodically controlled timing of growth and flowering responses. The high-latitude Russian cultivars ‘Imandra’ and ‘Murmanschanka’ represent valuable additions to the limited diversity of the available black currant gene-pool, and may be of particular use for breeding cultivars adapted to the sub-Arctic environment.
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Jahn Davik Gage Koehler Britta From Torfinn Torp Jens Rohloff Petter Eidem Robert Wilson Anita Sønsteby Stephen K, Randall Muath Alsheikh-YousefSammendrag
The use of artificial freezing tests, identification of biomarkers linked to or directly involved in the low-temperature tolerance processes, could prove useful in applied strawberry breeding. This study was conducted to identify genotypes of diploid strawberry that differ in their tolerance to low-temperature stress and to investigate whether a set of candidate proteins and metabolites correlate with the level of tolerance. 17 Fragaria vesca, 2 F. nilgerrensis, 2 F. nubicola, and 1 F. pentaphylla genotypes were evaluated for low-temperature tolerance. Estimates of temperatures where 50 % of the plants survived (LT50) ranged from −4.7 to −12.0 °C between the genotypes. Among the F. vesca genotypes, the LT50 varied from −7.7 °C to −12.0 °C. Among the most tolerant were three F. vesca ssp. bracteata genotypes (FDP821, NCGR424, and NCGR502), while a F. vesca ssp. californica genotype (FDP817) was the least tolerant (LT50 −7.7 °C). Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), total dehydrin expression, and content of central metabolism constituents were assayed in select plants acclimated at 2 °C. The LT50 estimates and the expression of ADH and total dehydrins were highly correlated (r adh = −0.87, r dehyd = −0.82). Compounds related to the citric acid cycle were quantified in the leaves during acclimation. While several sugars and acids were significantly correlated to the LT50 estimates early in the acclimation period, only galactinol proved to be a good LT50 predictor after 28 days of acclimation (r galact = 0.79). It is concluded that ADH, dehydrins, and galactinol show great potential to serve as biomarkers for cold tolerance in diploid strawberry.
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Gage Koehler Jens Rohloff Robert Wilson Per Winge Anita Sønsteby Muath Alsheikh Stephen K, RandallSammendrag
There is limited research about variations between cultivars for freezing tolerance in fruit crops and indeed much less is known about the distinctive in ground structure of the crown that herbaceous perennials depend on for regeneration in spring. Because strawberry is a representative species for the Rosaceae crops knowledge gained is expected to be transferrable to benefit improvement of many of these related crops. To gain insight into the molecular basis that may contribute to overwintering hardiness, a comparative proteomic analysis was carried out for four Fragaria x ananassa (octoploid strawberry) cultivars that differ in freezing tolerance. Protein expression was investigated in the overwintering relevant crown structure of strawberry from plants exposed to 0, 2, and 42 day cold treatments and were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D). Some proteins, such as molecular chaperones, antioxidants / detoxifying enzymes, metabolic enzymes, and pathogenesis related proteins were revealed to be at significantly higher levels before cold exposure in the most freezing tolerant cultivars, (‘Jonsok’ and ‘Senga Sengana’) compared to the least tolerant cultivars (‘Frida’ and ‘Elsanta’). Freezing tolerance was evaluated for the cultivars before and after cold exposure, with findings that support that the most freezing tolerant cultivars are poised for rapid adaptation to cold exposure, suggesting potential differences in capacity or rate for cold acclimation. Thus, the molecular basis for enhanced overwintering survival may be related to the elevated basal level of a number of proteins, many of which are known to confer stress tolerances. These findings are presented and overlaid with a LFQP shotgun analysis and microarray analysis. This study presents the largest quantitative proteomic data-set for strawberry crown tissue during cold exposure to date. Through the comparison of these cultivars that differ in freezing tolerance, proteins that may contribute to cold tolerance but lack significant cold induction were revealed.
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Muath Alsheikh-Yousef Gage Koehler Robert Wilson Jens Rohloff Anita Sønsteby Jahn Davik Stephen K, RandallSammendrag
A crucial consideration for strawberry producers in Norway and other northern countries is winter freezing damage. A long-term goal of the Norwegian strawberry breeding is to increase winter hardiness and to improve fruit quality. Due to the complexity involved in regulating and enhancing freezing tolerance, the progress in the improvement of cultivars using traditional screening methods have had limited success. Thus, the development of molecular markers for freezing hardiness would facilitate the selection work for this trait. In this effort, we have developed and adopted state-of-art molecular tools to investigate cold response in strawberry plants during the acclimation phase resulting in the identification of a large number of genes, proteins, and distinct metabolites that correspond to cold/freezing tolerance in strawberry. To identify proteins responsible for freezing tolerance in strawberry we have examined alterations in protein levels in strawberry varieties that differ in cold tolerance using either 2-DE gel analysis followed by LC-MS/MS analysis or a shotgun MS/MS approach. Proteomic analysis suggested 30 potential biomarkers that showed significant changes in the cultivated strawberry in response to cold. In addition, GC-MS-based metabolite profiling revealed the up-regulation of carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids, TCA intermediates, and other distinct secondary metabolites after cold treatment. Transcriptional analysis of the cold acclimated samples also confirmed the regulation upon cold-treatment with varietal differences in strawberry. Moreover, several F2-populations from the model F. vesca parents diverging in cold tolerance have been developed in order to facilitate mapping of QTLs by performing GBS analyses. The knowledge attained from these endeavors is expected to expedite breeding of strawberries to achieve freezing tolerant lines and provide an integrative understanding of the molecular pathways that underlie this characteristic. * Rohloff et al. (2012) Metabolite profiling reveals novel multi-level cold responses in the model Fragaria vesca. Phytochemistry 79:99-109. * Koehler et al. (2012) Proteomic study of low temperature responses in strawberry cultivars (Fragaria x ananassa) that differ in cold tolerance. Plant Physiology 159:1787–1805 * Davik et al., (2012) Low temperature tolerance in diploid strawberry species (Fragaria ssp.) and its correlation to alcohol dehydrogenase levels, dehydrin levels, and central metabolism constituents. Planta (in press; DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1771-2).
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Gage Koehler Robert Wilson John V. Goodpaster Anita Sønsteby Xianyin Lai Frank A. Witzmann Jin-Sam You Jens Rohloff Stephen K, Randall Muath Alsheikh-YousefSammendrag
To gain insight into the molecular basis contributing to overwintering hardiness, a comprehensive proteomic analysis comparing crowns of Fragaria × ananassa (octoploid strawberry) cultivars that differ in freezing tolerance was conducted. Four cultivars were examined for freeze tolerance and the most cold-tolerant cultivar (‘Jonsok’) and least tolerant cultivar (‘Frida’) were compared with a goal to reveal how freezing tolerance is achieved in this distinctive overwintering structure and to identify potential cold-tolerance associated biomarkers. Supported by univariate and multivariate analysis, a total of 63 spots from 2DE analysis and 135 proteins from label-free quantitative proteomics (LFQP) were identified as significantly differentially expressed in crown tissue from the two strawberry cultivars exposed to 0, 2, and 42 day cold treatment. Proteins identified as cold tolerance associated included molecular chaperones, antioxidants/detoxifying enzymes, metabolic enzymes, pathogenesis related proteins and flavonoid pathway proteins. A number of proteins were newly identified as associated with cold tolerance. Distinctive mechanisms for cold tolerance were characterized for two cultivars. In particular, the ‘Frida’ cold response emphasized proteins specific to flavonoid biosynthesis, while the more freezing tolerant ‘Jonsok’ had a more comprehensive suite of known stress responsive proteins including those involved in antioxidation, detoxification, and disease resistance. The molecular basis for ‘Jonsok’ enhanced cold tolerance can be explained by the constitutive level of a number of proteins that provide a physiological stress-tolerant “poise”.
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Bringebærplanten er en økonomisk viktig bærvekst som dyrkes i betydelig omfang i alle geografiske områder med temperert eller kjølig klima. På grunn av sin økonomiske betydning har bringebærplanten vært gjenstand for omfattende undersøkelser, og ny kunnskap om plantens biologi har stadig kommet til. Utviklingen i handelsdyrkingen har i den seinere tid gått i retning av utvidet dyrking i plasttunneller eller veksthus for å utvide sesongen og bedre bærkvaliteten. Dette stiller nye krav til forståelsen av hvordan vegetativ vekst, blomstring og årstidsrytme hos plantene er regulert av klima og kulturtiltak. I denne artikkelen gir vi en oversikt over grunnleggende trekk ved bringebærplantens bygning samt viktige reaksjoner på vekstklima og ulike kulturtiltak.
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Regionalt forskingsfond Vestlandet har gitt støtte til eit tre-årig prosjekt kalla ”Bærekraftig utviding av den norske bringebærsesongen; kortnamn BRINGINN”. Prosjekteigar er Innvik Fruktlager medan Bioforsk har det faglege og administrative ansvaret. Kortnamnet BRINGINN spelar på at bringebær må inn i tunnel eller veksthus skal ein klare å utvide sesongen, og at ein må vere innovative for å lukkast med eit slikt prosjekt. Omsetningsledda ser at det er rom for meir norske bringebær i marknaden, men det er viktig at vidare produksjonsvekst i hovudsak kjem i skuldersesongane for å unngå å mette marknaden midt i sesongen med påfølgande negativ prisutvikling.
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Viltvoksende solbær har et naturlig utbredelsesområde som viser at arten er godt tilpasset vårt klima. I kombinasjon med den karakteristiske smaken og det høge C-vitamininnholdet har dette gitt solbær en viktig plass i småhager over hele Norge. Kommersiell solbærproduksjon er derimot begrenset til Sør-Norge og særlig Østlandet. Solbær som råvare til industri og annen videreforedling blir høstet maskinelt og levert i bulk, og representerer den største verdien i solbærproduksjonen. Nylig har det også blitt etablert et norsk marked for håndplukkede solbær til friskkonsum, men produksjonen er foreløpig under utvikling. Produksjonsarealet i Norge totalt er ca 28 000 dekar. Strukturendringene i den norske solbærproduksjonen har omfattet en økt spesialisering med større investeringer og konsentrert risiko, som medfører at avlingsvariasjonene får store konsekvenser for den enkelte produsent. Klimaprognoser varsler mildere vintre, og dette vil påvirke vedaktige planteslag som solbær mht. knoppkvile (induksjon og bryting) og blomstringstidspunkt, og ytterligere øke risikoen for vårfrost. Næringen mangler kunnskap om hvilke egenskaper som bør vektlegges i de ulike dyrkingsområdene, og ønsker en metode for lettere å kunne identifisere genotyper som egner seg i ulike klima og dyrkingssystem (industri eller friskkonsum). Vi har derfor startet plantefysiologiske undersøkelser for ulike solbærsorter, og vil presentere en del resultater her (Sønsteby & Heide, 2011; Heide & Sønsteby, 2011). Forsøk med til sammen seks solbærsorter har blitt gjennomført i kontrollert klima for å undersøke effekten av temperatur (9, 12, 15, 18, 21 og 24°C) og daglengde (10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20 og 24 timer lys) på vegetativ vekst, vekststans, blomsterknoppdanning, knoppbryting og blomstring. Vekststans om høsten ble framskyndet av økende temperatur, og var tidligst ved 21 og 24°C. Sortene "Öjebyn" og "Kristin" var mest temperaturfølsomme, mens "Narve Viking" var minst påvirket av temperatur. Knoppbrytingen om våren ble forsinket med noen dager ved høg høsttemperatur, mens blomstringen var tidligst i planter fra midlere temperaturer. I tillegg ble det flere blomster og bær med økende høsttemperatur, med et optimum på 18 - 21°C. Vekststans og blomsterknoppdanning hos solbær påvirkes også av daglengden, og de undersøkte sortene hadde en kritisk daglengde for begge prosesser på 16 - 17 timer. Solbærplanta har en markert ungdomsfase, og trenger ca. 20 blad for å være i stand til å reagerer på klimafaktorene for å stoppe veksten og danne blomsterknopper. Våre undersøkelser viser at sorter som er foredlet fram i ulike klimasoner (Russland vs. Skottland), viser store kontraster i forhold til krav til temperatur og daglengde for vekst, vekststans og blomsterknoppdanning. Hovedkonklusjonen av disse undersøkelsene er at økt høsttemperatur ikke vil være noen ulempe for rik blomsterdanning og god kvileinduksjon hos solbær. Videre undersøkelser vil kunne identifisere hvilke sorter som er best tilpasset for dyrking i ulike klimaområder. Referanser Sønsteby, A. & Heide, O. M. 2011. Elevated autumn temperature promotes growth cessation and flower formation in black currant cultivars (Ribes nigrum L.). J. Hort. Sci. Biotech., (under trykking) Heide, O. M. & Sønsteby, A. 2011. Critical photoperiod for short day induction of flowering in black currant (Ribes nigrum L.). J. Hort. Sci. Biotech., (under trykking)
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“Verdens beste bær dyrkes i Nord-Norge” sies det. Det nordlige klimaet med lange dager og lave temperaturer gir søtere, mer fargesterke og smakfulle bær. Dette vet forbrukerne i nord å sette pris på, spesielt når det gjelder bær til friskkonsum. I dag er landsdelen langt fra selvforsynt med hagebær. Flere og større dyrkere av arter som jordbær, solbær, stikkelsbær, bringebær og rips må til for å kunne dekke en større andel av eget marked. I de tre nordligste fylkene bor det nesten en halv million mennesker, og de fleste av disse bor i byer og større tettsteder med gode forhold for salg av lokalproduserte bær. Hva må gjøres for at den patriotiske nordlendingen kan få kjøpe lokale bær?
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Recent research on how the structure and physiological development of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plants are controlled by genotype and the climatic environment is reviewed. Some older work, specially on plant structure relations, is also included. Physiological differences between annual- and biennial-fruiting plant types are highlighted. One major difference is the different requirements for flower formation. While biennial-fruiting cultivars have an absolute low temperature (≤ approx. 15°C) requirement for floral initiation, annual-fruiting cultivars readily initiate floral primordia at temperatures as high as constant 30°C. Also, while biennial-fruiting cultivars are facultative short-day plants with a critical photoperiod of 15 h at intermediate temperatures, flowering is promoted by long photoperiods in at least some annual-fruiting cultivars. However, the essential difference that determines whether the shoot life-cycle becomes annual or biennial is that, in biennial-fruiting genotypes, floral initiation is linked to the induction of bud dormancy, whereas in annual-fruiting cultivars, floral initiation is followed by direct flower development. Although this is genetically determined, it is a plastic trait that is subject to modification by the environment. Thus, at low temperatures and short photoperiods, the majority of initiated buds do enter dormancy also in annual-fruiting cultivars, with tip-flowering as a result. Practical applications are discussed, and it is concluded that our present physiological knowledge-base provides excellent opportunities for manipulation of raspberry crops for out-of-season production and high yields. It also provides a firm platform for further exploration of the underlying molecular genetics of plant structures and response mechanisms.
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Den senere tids fokus på lokal mat, bærekraftig matproduksjon og helse har økt interessen og bruken av bær. Smaksmessig er den nordnorske bæra i verdenstoppen, og nordnorske forbrukere er opptatt av hvor bæra kommer fra. Dette gjelder spesielt bær til friskkonsum. I dag er Nord-Norge langt fra selvforsynt med hagebær. For å kunne dekke en større andel av eget marked trenger vi langt flere og større dyrkere av arter som jordbær, solbær, stikkelsbær, bringebær og rips. Eksport av nordnorske bær bør også være et langsiktig mål. Klimatiske forhold i nord stiller krav til kunnskaper og gir utfordringer, men også muligheter. Sykdomspresset er lite på grunn av lavere temperaturer og dette klimaet gir også søte bær med høyt innhold av ulike antioksidanter. For å kunne oppnå en lønnsom produksjon i framtida trengs klimatilpasset plantemateriale og klimaforbedrende tiltak på dyrkningssiden. Erfaringer fra ellers i landet viser at framtida ligger i tunneldrift. Dyrking i tunneler gir le og bedre klima for blomsterdannelse, blomstring og modning. Vi håper på å få i gang et nordnorsk satsningsprosjekt på hagebær i Nord-Norge. Dette prosjektet skal være forankret i næringa med dyrkere som deltagere. Fra gammelt av har det vært vanlig med rips i hagene i Nord-Norge, og man kan påstå at rips er den mest nordnorske av alle hagebær. Bioforsk Nord Holt har en samling av nordlig sortsmateriale (fra Norge, Finland og Russland) av både rips og solbær, og noen av disse er lovende for kommersialisering. Sortsmateriale vil bli oppformert og testet ute i felt hos dyrkere, i plasthus og under kontrollerte forhold i forsøksveksthus. Sortene vil bli evaluert i forhold til dannelse av blomsteranlegg, blomstring, god pollinering, produksjon, smak og egnethet for ferskvare og/eller prosessering. Prosjektet tar også sikte på å lage et strategidokument for bærproduksjonen i Nord-Norge. Arbeidsgruppa skal bestå av aktører fra FoU, rådgivningstjeneste, forvaltning, produsenter, industri og omsetningsledd. Strategien skal omfatte både kunnskapsbehov, økonomi og markedsmål.
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Tidligere forsøk med jordbær i kontrollert klima har vist at nitrogengjødsling før og under blomsterinitieringen kan gi tidligere og rikere blomstring i påfølgende sesong (Sønsteby m. fl. 2009). Den samme N-mengden tilført før blomsterdanningen hadde motsatt effekt, og forsinket og reduserte blomstringen. For nøyaktig tidfesting av innledningen på blomsterdanningen, og dermed riktig tidspunkt for gjødsling, ble parallelle felt med fire jordbærsorter etablert ved fem ulike lokaliteter fra sør til nord i Norge. For å fastlegge hvor lang tid det tar fra plantene eksponeres til kort dag (KD) til det kan observeres synlige anlegg til blomster i dissekerte kroner, ble det også gjort parallelle forsøk ved ulike temperaturer i klimarom (9, 12, 15, og 18 °C). Resultata viste at tidspunktet for blomsterdanningvarierte mye mellom sortene, men ble for alle sorter suksessivt forsinket ved økende breddegrad og høgde over havet, og ved avtakende temperatur i kontrollert klima. Hovedkonklusjonen av dette blir at tidspunktet for høstgjødsling må tilpasses såvel sort som geografisk lokalitet.
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Hvordan vil den globale opvarmning og de milde efterår, vi har haft de senere år, påvirke dannelsen af blomster hos solbær? Det spørgsmål har norske forskere undersøgt i fem sorter: Öjebyn, Ben Tron, Kristin, Ben Hope og Narve Viking.
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Bringebær (Rubus idaeus L.) er en økonomisk viktig bærart som er rik på antioksidanter og andre bioaktive forbindelser. Forskningen på innholdsstoffer i bringebær har hatt fokus på sortsvariasjon og effekt av håndtering, høsting og lagring. Det er derimot liten kunnskap om hvilken påvirkning miljøfaktorer som temperatur og lys har på innholdsstoffer. Bruk av plasttunneler i bringebærproduksjonen har økt i Norge, som i verden for øvrig. Dette fører til endringer i klimaet, som påvirker planteveksten, men som også kan påvirke innholdsstoffene i bæra. Her presenterer vi resultater fra en undersøkelse på virkningen av temperatur på bærkvalitet hos bringebærsorten "Glen Ample" (Remberg et al. 2010). Langskudd av bringebær i potter ble lagret ved -2°C igjennom vinteren og satt i en åpen plasttunnel fra 1. juni til blomstring (uke 22 til 30). Plantene ble deretter flyttet til klimarom ved 12, 18 og 24°C, og naturlig daglengde. Bær ble høstet to ganger i uka i 7 uker, for registrering av avling og bærstørrelse. I tillegg ble bær høstet i uke 33, 35 og 37, fryst ned og lagret ved -20°C til seinere kjemiske analyser. Bærene ble analysert for tørrstoff, oppløst sukker, titrerbar syre, pH, farge, L-askorbinsyre (C-vitamin) og antioksidant aktivitet (FRAP). Prosedyrer for kjemiske analyser er beskrevet av Remberg et al. (2007). Høg temperatur reduserte bærstørrelsen, men økte samtidig tørrstoffinnholdet i bæra. Med økt tørrstoffinnhold økte også konsentrasjonen av antioksidanter, oppløst sukker og titrerbar syre, samt farge og pH. Dette skyldtes imidlertid hovedsakelig en fortynningseffekt av store bær. Når analyseresultata ble uttrykt på friskvektbasis, ble derfor mye av temperatureffekten borte. Uansett beregningsmåte var imidlertid innholdet av C-vitamin størst ved låg temperatur. Resultata viser at temperaturen har motsatt effekt på bærstørrelse og konsentrasjonen av antioksidanter og andre viktige innholdsstoff, bortsett fra C-vitamin. Ettersom bærstørrelse er en viktig kvalitetsfaktor i seg selv, vil en dyrkingstemperatur på 12-18°C være et optimalt kompromiss ved dyrking av bringebær i plasttunnel. En slik temperatur vil også gi bær med høgt C-vitamin innhold. Referanser Remberg, S.F., Måge, F., Haffner, K. and Blomhoff, R. 2007. Highbush blueberries Vaccinium corymbosum L., raspberries Rubus idaeus L. and black currants Ribes nigrum L. - influence of cultivar on antioxidant activity and other quality parameters. Acta Hort. 744: 259-266. Remberg, S.F., Sønsteby, A., Aaby, K. and Heide, O.M. 2010. Influence of postflowering temperature on fruit size and chemical composition of Glen Ample raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). J. Agric. Food Chem., 58: 9120-9128.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Earliness, fruit yield and quality of six annual-fruiting raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars were tested under protected cultivation in a cool Nordic environment. After raising plants for 5 weeks in greenhouses with average mean temperatures of 20 degrees C, 22 degrees C, or 26 degrees C, the plants were cropped in an open plastic tunnel at latitude 61 degrees N. The highest yielding cultivars were 'Autumn Bliss' and 'Polka', with 640 g plant(-1). Overall, the most promising cultivar was 'Polka' which combined high yield with large fruit of good flavour and firmness. In earliness, 'Polka' was surpassed only by 'Autumn Bliss', which confirmed its position as the earliest commercial annual-fruiting cultivar. However, 'Autumn Bliss' had soft fruits with little flavour and a short shelf-life, which greatly reduced the potential of the cultivar for the fresh fruit market. The later ripening cultivar 'Erika' did not complete its crop under these conditions, but its large unrealised yield potential and good fruit quality rendered it extremely promising for environments with a longer growing season. 'Sugana' was late, with low yields and poor fruit quality, while 'Marcela' did not yield enough fruit to be of interest under the present conditions. High temperatures during the 5-week raising period generally advanced flowering and fruit ripening in all cultivars, with the notable exception of 'Autumn Treasure' in which flowering was suppressed and strongly delayed by high temperature. Under the present conditions, there was a highly positive correlation between earliness and fruit yield. Regression analyses identified a low number of dormant buds as the single most important component of plant architecture associated with high fruit yield, accounting for 47% of the total variation.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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The effects of postflowering temperature on the fruit chemical composition of Glen Ample raspberries were studied under controlled environment conditions. The berry weight decreased significantly with increasing temperature (12, 18, and 24 degrees C) and with progress of the harvest period. Because the moisture content increased in parallel with the berry weight, the antioxidant capacity (AOC) and the concentration of a range of bioactive compounds decreased with decreasing temperature and progress of the harvest season when expressed on a fresh weight basis in the conventional way. Under those circumstances, dry weight units are therefore preferable. However, despite the dilution effect of large berries, the concentration of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) increased with decreasing temperature, even on a fresh weight basis. Berry AOC was closely correlated with total phenolic concentration (r = 0.958), predominantly anthocyanins and ellagitannins. While a total of 10 anthocyanins were detected, cyanidin-3-sophoroside and cyanidin-3-(2(G)-glucosylrutinoside)-rutinoside accounted for 73% of the total, the former decreasing and the latter increasing with increasing growth temperature. By far, the most prevalent ellagitannins were lambertianin C and sanguiin H-6, both of which increased significantly with increasing temperature. It is concluded that the growth temperature has significant and contrasting effects on the concentration of a range of potentially bioactive compounds in raspberry.
Sammendrag
Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is an economically important small fruit species, rich in antioxidants and other phytochemicals (Rao and Snyder, 2010). Most research in the area of screening the antioxidant activity in dietary plants have mainly been focused on variation among species and cultivars and effects of postharvest handling and storage (e.g. Kalt et al., 2002). Little is known about the impact of environmental factors such as temperature and light conditions. The use of plastic tunnels for out-of-season production of red raspberries has expanded production in Norway. This involves a change in climate environment which might influence the chemical composition of the fruits. Here we present the results of an investigation of temperature on fruit quality of red raspberry (Remberg et al., 2010).
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
Norske forsøk viser, at langskudsplanter af hindebær skal være lange og med mange sideskud for at give et stort udbytte. Det opnås bedst, hvis planterne produceres i plasthus og ikke på friland.
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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To bioforskarar tok turen til Finland og universitetet i Helsinki for å diskutere prosjektsamarbeid over landegrensene. Dei vart imponert over måten finnane jobbar på , og kva ressursar dei har tilgjengeleg.
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Høstbærende bringebær har evnen til å blomstre og sette frukt på årsskudda og dermed gjennomføre hele livssyklusen på ett år. Dette medfører at de blir svært seine (høstbærende), og de må derfor dyrkes i plasttunnel eller veksthus hos oss. Vi har tidligere vist for sorten "Polka" at den, i motsetning til de vanlige sortene med toårig livssyklus, ikke trenger kort dag (KD) eller låg temperatur for å danne blomster. Tvert i mot var blomstringen framskyndet av lang dag (LD) og høg temperatur. Selv ved konstant temperatur på 30°C var det ingen problem med blomstringen. Dette stemmer også med engelske undersøkelser med sorten "Autumn Bliss". Det har i det siste kommet flere nye sorter av høstbærende bringebær på markedet, og vi har nå utført forsøk med noen av disse sortene. Vi presenterer her noen resultat fra denne undersøkelsen
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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Anita SønstebySammendrag
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De viltvoksende amerikanske artene virginiajordbær (Fragaria virginiana) og chilejordbær (F. chiloensis) har gitt o