Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2022
Forfattere
Kannan Mohan Abirami Ramu Ganesan P. N. Ezhilarasi Kiran Kumar Kondamareddy Durairaj Karthick Rajan Palanivel Sathishkumar Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran Lorenza ConternoSammendrag
Chitin is one of the most diverse and naturally occurring biopolymers, and it is mainly present in crustaceans, insects, and fungi. Chitosan is derived from chitin by deacetylation process. It is important to note that the conventional chemical method of extracting chitin includes disadvantages and it poses various environmental issues. Recently, the green extraction techniques have perceived substantial development in the field of polymer chemistry. A variety of methods have been successfully developed using green extraction techniques for extracting chitin and chitosan from various resources. It includes the use of ionic liquids (ILs), deep eutectic solvents (DES), microbial fermentation, enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE), and electrochemical extraction (ECE). In this review, the extraction of chitin and chitosan using greener approaches were summarized. In addition, challenges, opportunities and future perspectives of green extraction methods have also been narrated.
Redaktører
Camilla BaumannSammendrag
NIBIO has an extensive professional portfolio, with close to 1500 ongoing projects at any given time. The projects reflect the great diversity and breadth of NIBIO’s professional activities, with regard to goals, market and geographical location. Many are concerned with sustainability. At the same time, many of our disciplines are subject to increasing polarization in society, which can express itself in both oversimplification and misrepresentation of complex issues. This requires an awareness of the role that research and knowledge institutions like NIBIO play, and a conscious approach to the difference between science and politics. For NIBIO it is therefore important to be active throughout the entire knowledge value chain. Our knowledge must be useful – it must be put to use and must contribute to insight and smart decisions that lead to good solutions. Our framework NIBIO — Making Sustainability Meaningful is about precisely that – contributing to the diversity of knowledge needed to balance different and often opposing considerations in an increasingly complex terrain. In this document we have collected 39 articles – selected samples of the great diversity of NIBIO’s professional activities in 2021. Activities and results that each, in their own way, contribute to important knowledge in industry and management, and in society – locally, nationally, and internationally. We hope that these samples inspire you to seek out more information – both about what is presented here and the many other exciting results of NIBIO’s activities.
Forfattere
Habtamu AlemSammendrag
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Forfattere
Michel VerheulSammendrag
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I rapporten listes og drøftes datakilder som viser hvor store grovfôravlinger som høstes i Norge. Målet med gjennomgangen var å se om det finnes tallgrunnlag som gir et sikkert og presist anslag for praksisavlingene i ulike regioner og driftsformer. Hovedkonklusjonen er at et slikt grunnlag ikke finnes. Modellberegninger, forsøksresultater, avlingsregistreringer ute på gårdsbruk, samt estimat ut fra dyras behov og opptak av grovfôr viser stor variasjon både innen og mellom metoder og måleserier. Variasjonen skyldes både ulike registrerings- og beregningsmetoder, ulike fysiske og biologiske forutsetninger for planteproduksjon og variasjon i dyrkingssteknikk og høsteregimer. Gjennomgangen har også vist at det er behov for et entydig begrepsapparat som presist klargjør hvor avling er målt i kjeden fra fôrdyrking til fôrutnytting. Det er et stort spenn med mange tapsposter fra modellberegna potensiell avling, via stående avling i enga og ferdig konservert avling til netto utnytta avling i drøvtyggeren. Til slutt i rapporten foreslås målemetoder og registreringsprogram for mulige utvidelser og forbedringer av norsk grovfôravlingsstatistikk. Dette vurderes også opp mot bruksområde for statistikken. Vesentlige utvidelser og større presisjon i målinger av ferdig konservert fôr på gårdsbruk er mulig, men vil bli svært kostbart og trolig aldri nøyaktig og spesifikk nok til alle tenkelige formål. Innen kort tid vil det sannsynligvis bli mulig å utnytte informasjon fra fjernmåling fra satellitter, droner eller bakkegående kjøretøy til å tallfeste stående avling med geografisk oppløsning på skiftenivå. Det ligger også et potensial i å utnytte og integrere de stadig større mengdene med gårdsspesifikke data for fôring, avdrått og innkjøpt kraftfôr slik at en får presise estimat for nettoavlinger av grovfôr på enkeltbruk.
Forfattere
Ievina SturiteSammendrag
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Forfattere
Thomas Gschwantner Iciar Alberdi Sébastien Bauwens Susann Bender Dragan Borota Michal Bosela Olivier Bouriaud Johannes Breidenbach Jānis Donis Christoph Fischer Patrizia Gasparini Luke Heffernan Jean-Christophe Hervé László Kolozs Kari T. Korhonen Nikos Koutsias Pál Kovácsevics Miloš Kučera Gintaras Kulbokas Andrius Kuliešis Adrian Lanz Philippe Lejeune Torgny Lind Gheorghe Marin François Morneau Thomas Nord-Larsen Leónia Nunes Damjan Pantić John Redmond Francisco C. Rego Thomas Riedel Vladimír Šebeň Allan Sims Mitja Skudnik Stein Michael TomterSammendrag
Wood resources have been essential for human welfare throughout history. Also nowadays, the volume of growing stock (GS) is considered one of the most important forest attributes monitored by National Forest Inventories (NFIs) to inform policy decisions and forest management planning. The origins of forest inventories closely relate to times of early wood shortage in Europe causing the need to explore and plan the utilisation of GS in the catchment areas of mines, saltworks and settlements. Over time, forest surveys became more detailed and their scope turned to larger areas, although they were still conceived as stand-wise inventories. In the 1920s, the first sample-based NFIs were introduced in the northern European countries. Since the earliest beginnings, GS monitoring approaches have considerably evolved. Current NFI methods differ due to country-specific conditions, inventory traditions, and information needs. Consequently, GS estimates were lacking international comparability and were therefore subject to recent harmonisation efforts to meet the increasing demand for consistent forest resource information at European level. As primary large-area monitoring programmes in most European countries, NFIs assess a multitude of variables, describing various aspects of sustainable forest management, including for example wood supply, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity. Many of these contemporary subject matters involve considerations about GS and its changes, at different geographic levels and time frames from past to future developments according to scenario simulations. Due to its historical, continued and currently increasing importance, we provide an up-to-date review focussing on large-area GS monitoring where we i) describe the origins and historical development of European NFIs, ii) address the terminology and present GS definitions of NFIs, iii) summarise the current methods of 23 European NFIs including sampling methods, tree measurements, volume models, estimators, uncertainty components, and the use of air- and space-borne data sources, iv) present the recent progress in NFI harmonisation in Europe, and v) provide an outlook under changing climate and forest-based bioeconomy objectives.
Sammendrag
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