Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Forfattere
L. Kirwan A. Lüscher J. A. Finn M. T. Sebastiá R. P. Collins C. Porqueddu A. Helgadottir O. H. Baadshaug C. Brophy C. Coran S. Dalmannsdóttir I. Delgado A. Elgersma M. Fothergill B. E. Frankow-Lindberg P. Golinski P. Grieu A. M. Gustavsson M. Höglind O. Huguenin-Elie C. Iliadis M. Jørgensen Z. Kadziuliene T. Karyotis T. Lunnan M. Malengier S. Maltoni V. Meyer D. Nyfeler P. Nykanen-Kurki J. Parente H. J. Smit U. Thumm J. ConnollySammendrag
Summary 1 Ecological and agronomic research suggests that increased crop diversity in species poor intensive systems may improve their provision of ecosystem services. Such general predictions can have critical importance for worldwide food production and agricultural practice but are largely untested at higher levels of diversity. 2 We propose new methodology for the design and analysis of experiments to quantify diversity-function relationships. Our methodology can quantify the relative strength of inter-specific interactions that contribute to a functional response, and can disentangle the separate contributions of species richness and relative abundance. 3 Applying our methodology to data from a common experiment at 28 European sites, we show that the above-ground biomass of four-species mixtures (two legumes and two grasses) in intensive grassland systems was consistently greater than that expected from monoculture performance, even at high productivity levels. The magnitude of this effect generally resulted in transgressive overyielding. 4 A combined analysis of first-year results across sites showed that the additional performance of mixtures was driven by the number and strength of pairwise inter-specific interactions and the evenness of the community. In general, all pairwise interactions contributed equally to the additional performance of mixtures; the grass-grass and legume-legume interactions were as strong as those between grasses and legumes. 5 The combined analysis across geographical and temporal scales in our study provides a generality of interpretation of our results that would not have been possible from individual site analyses or experimentation at a single site. 6 Our four-species agricultural grassland communities have proved a simple yet relevant model system for experimentation and development of methodology in diversity-function research. Our study establishes that principles derived from biodiversity research in extensive, semi-natural grassland systems are applicable in intensively managed grasslands with agricultural plant species.
Forfattere
Liv Sigrid Nilsen Asbjørn MoenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Charles A. Francis Andrea Lawseth Alexandra English Paula Hesje A. McCann J. Wagner Wendy Marie Waalen Geir Lieblein Tor Arvid BrelandSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Charles A. Francis Andrea Lawseth Alexandra English Paula Hesje A. McCann J. Wagner Wendy Marie Waalen Geir Lieblein Tor Arvid BrelandSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Roald Sørheim John Eirik Paulsen Arild Saasen Jerome Leleux Arnaud Albouy Trond Knapp Haraldsen Per Anker Pedersen Thomas Hartnik Roar LinjordetSammendrag
This paper presents the potential of composting oil wet drill cuttings as a drilling waste disposal option. The potential is substantiated by results from several laboratory and field experiments. Artificially oil wetted drill cuttings were prepared by adding commonly used base oils from Norwegian offshore operations to a representative clay. Degradation of the hydrocarbon components in the oily wet cuttings by vermicomposting was successfully accomplished. The composts were beneficially used as part of growing media for landscape plants; ryegrass, coniferous, and deciduous trees, and the fertilization effect was compared with commercial NPK fertilizers. The plant growth studies showed that the composts produced by treating artificial oily drill cuttings by vermicomposting had considerable fertilizing effect on ryegrass and trees.
Forfattere
Ragnhild Hafskjold Nærstad Arne Hermansen Tore BjorSammendrag
Field trials in 1996, 1997 and 1998 with six potato cultivars differing in levels of foliar and tuber race-nonspecific resistance to late blight were treated with 100, 50 and 33% of the recommended dose of the fungicide fluazinam at application intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days. Using a mixed inoculum of six or seven indigenous isolates of Phytophthora infestans small potato plots were inoculated via infector plants. A foliar blight model for the relationship between the effects of resistance, fungicide application and disease pressure was developed using multiple regression analysis. Cultivars with a high level of quantitative resistance offered the greatest potential for fungicide reduction. The model showed that the effect of resistance on integrated control increased exponentially with increasing cultivar resistance. Reducing fungicide input by lowering the dose resulted in less foliar disease than extending application intervals. The higher the disease pressure, the greater the risk associated with reducing fungicide input by extension of application intervals. The field resistance of cultivars to tuber blight mainly determined the frequency of tuber infection. Exploiting high foliar resistance to reduce fungicide input carried a high risk when cultivar resistance to tuber blight was low. When field resistance to tuber blight was high, a medium level of resistance in the foliage could be exploited to reduce fungicide dose to c. 50%, provided application was at the right time. At a high level of field resistance to both foliar and tuber blight, application intervals could be extended.
Forfattere
Sanna Koutaniemi Tino Warinowski Anna Karkonen Edward Alatalo Carl Gunnar Fossdal Pekka Saranpaa Tapio Laakso Kurt V. Fagerstedt Liisa K. Simola Lars Paulin Stephen Rudd Teemu H. TeeriSammendrag
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Forfattere
Sanna Koutaniemi Tino Warinowski Anna Kärkönen Edward Alatalo Carl Gunnar Fossdal Pekka Saranpää Tapio Laakso Kurt V. Fagerstedt Liisa K. Simola Lars Paulin Stephen Rudd Teemu H. TeeriSammendrag
Abstract Lignin biosynthesis is a major carbon sink in gymnosperms and woody angiosperms. Many of the enzymes involved are encoded for by several genes, some of which are also related to the biosynthesis of other phenylpropanoids. In this study, we aimed at the identification of those gene family members that are responsible for developmental lignification in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Gene expression across the whole lignin biosynthetic pathway was profiled using EST sequencing and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Stress-induced lignification during bending stress and Heterobasidion annosum infection was also studied. Altogether 7,189 ESTs were sequenced from a lignin forming tissue culture and developing xylem of spruce, and clustered into 3,831 unigenes. Several paralogous genes were found for both monolignol biosynthetic and polymerisation-related enzymes. Realtime RT-PCR results highlighted the set of monolignol biosynthetic genes that are likely to be responsible for developmental lignification in Norway spruce. Potential genes for monolignol polymerisation were also identified. In compression wood, mostly the same monolignol biosynthetic gene set was expressed, but peroxidase expression differed from the vertically grown control. Pathogen infection in phloem resulted in a general upregulation of the monolignol biosynthetic pathway, and in an induction of a few new gene family members. Based on the up-regulation under both pathogen attack and in compression wood, PaPAL2, PaPX2 and PaPX3 appeared to have a general stress-induced function.
Forfattere
Frode VeggelandSammendrag
Este informe explora como fueron aplicadas por la Unión Europea la equivalencia y el reconocimiento mutuo para facilitar el comercio. Por haber estado internacionalmente a la vanguardia en el empleo de estos instrumentos, tanto para su mercado interior como para sus relaciones comerciales externas, la experiencia de la UE es de particular interés. El informe incluye un mapeo empírico de la experiencia de la UE en la aplicación, como instrumentos de facilitación comercial de la equivalencia y del reconocimiento mutuo. El objetivo perseguido es una mayor comprensión de la importancia y relevancia de estas herramientas en un contexto global ampliado, particularmente para el comercio de los alimentos. Basado en estas experiencias se destacan, además, algunos de los desafíos que al emplearlas enfrentan los países permitiendo alguna evaluación tanto de las posibilidades como de las dificultades para alcanzar la facilitación del comercio con estos medios. En el capítulo 2 se incluyen algunos de los enfoques reglamentarios seguidos por la UE en sus intentos para alcanzar su mercado interior, desde la adopción de normativa común al reconocimiento mutuo y el programa de «Mejor Reglamentación» incluido en la estrategia de Lisboa. En el capítulo 3 se discuten las reglas de la UE para las relaciones con terceros países. Adicionalmente, se exploran algunos de los acuerdos de equivalencia y de reconocimiento mutuo de la UE. Se señalan, también, las determinaciones unidireccionales de equivalencia incluidas en las medidas de la UE para la importación de alimentos ecológicos y productos de la pesca. El capítulo 4 presenta los trabajos y posiciones sobre equivalencia y reconocimiento mutuo sostenidos por la UE en la OMC y en la Comisión del Codex Alimentarius. El capítulo 5 incluye una evaluación de la experiencia de la UE con el reconocimiento mutuo y la equivalencia. Finalmente, en el capítulo 6 se presentan algunas conclusiones y consideraciones finales. […]
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag