Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2007
Forfattere
Ketil Haarstad Gro Hege LudvigsenSammendrag
Pesticides in Norwegian ground water have been monitored since 1995. Here we report data including 2004. The monitoring has focused on shallow groundwater near agricultural fields (4 locations), farm wells (22 locations) and on public water works (38 locations), 450 samples were analyzed for a total of 62 pesticide compounds and metabolites, and the result was 514 detections of single compounds. Altogether 27 pesticides and metabolites were detected; 2 insecticides, 9 fungicides and 16 herbicides. Herbicides were most frequently detected (in 79% of the samples), followed by fungicides (20%) and insecticides (1%). Pesticide concentration was generally low, although high concentrations also occurred, for example 33 "g/l of metribuzine in shallow ground water near agricultural fields, and 20 "g/l of bentazon in a farm well. Some water soluble pesticides occurred both frequently and with relatively high concentrations in shallow ground water near agricultural fields. The results show that local ground water near farms is vulnerable for contamination of pesticides and needs further monitoring. Efforts should be made to minimize contamination of wells in farming areas through education on pesticide use, monitoring and well positioning. Few pesticides were detected in ground water from water works and the concentrations were low. Monitoring of water works ended in 2002. The data show that there is a continuous need to monitor pesticides as well as selected metabolites in shallow ground water and wells near agricultural fields in Norway.
Forfattere
Oddvar Lindholm Sveinn T. Thorolfsson Bent Christen BraskerudSammendrag
Klimaendringene øker faren for fremtidige flommer. Det vil være tjenesteforsømmelse ikke å ta hensyn til dette når nye avløpsanlegg planlegges og bygges. Tiltak for å begrense skade er utviklet internasjonalt, men er i liten grad prøvd og vurdert i Norge. Siden infrastruktur i byer er kostbare og langsiktige investeringer må arbeidet komme i gang snarest! Endret klima og fortetting øker avrenningen Vi lever i rekordenes århundre der nye klimatiske rekorder stadig settes. Forventingene om mer nedbør totalt, og mer intens nedbør har begynt å bekymre ansatte i vann og avløpssektoren i kommunene. Overvannsnettets kapasitet overskrides stadig hyppigere, med stengte veger og fylte kjellere som resultat. Byplanleggerene er i mindre grad oppmerksomme på utviklingen. Byene fortettes kontinuerlig, dvs. en større andel av arealet legges under tak eller asfalt og mindre vann holdes tilbake lokalt. Endringer i klimaet og i byene gir mao. det samme resultatet: Økt intensitet på avrenningen.Kunnskap og handling må til? I Norge har arbeidet med lokale overvannsløsninger så vidt startet, men vi famler fordi løsningene ikke er tilpasset norsk klima og landskap. Korte vekstsesonger, frost, snø og regn i smeltevann kan gi anleggene en annen virkning enn i andre land. Internasjonalt er anvendelsen av LOD-løsninger lagt inn i lovverk og forskrifter. I staten Maryland, USA, må for eksempel alle utbyggere inkludere LOD. Delstatene har laget håndbøker for anlegging og drift er laget på bakgrunn av FoU arbeid. Kommunene har ansvar for at reglene følges. Staten bør lage rammene og følge opp kommuneplanene for å se om en forsvarlig flomplanlegging er utført av kommunene. Det er viktig at den nasjonale myndigheten kan følge opp de kommunale planene, for å sikre liv, helse, infrastruktur og eiendom. Byer for et nytt klima Rom ble ikke bygd på ett år, ei heller våre byer og tettsteder. På sikt skal imidlertid det meste rives og nyanlegges. Med en overordnet plan kan kommunene legge til rette for LOD-løsninger og trygg avrenning når byer og tettsteder skal fornyes. Oslo kommune har for eksempel vedtatt at byvassdraget skal ut av rørene og opp i dagen når muligheten byr seg. Dette er et eksempel på langsiktig tenkning. De avløpsanlegg som planlegges og bygges i dag skal kanskje ligge i 100 år. Det er derfor en tjenesteforsømmelse å ikke ta hensyn til klimaeffekter og byfortettninger som vi nå vet kommer. Selv om vi skulle lykkes i å stabilisere/redusere klimagassutslippene, vil klimasystemene fortsatt endres med økte nedbørsintensiteter over de kommende 100 år. Vi må arbeide på to fronter: Redusert utslipp og tilpassing av samfunnet til en endret klimatisk virkelighet.
Forfattere
John Derome Per Arild Aarrestad Paul Aspholm Vegar Bakkestuen Jarle Werner Bjerke Kjell Einar Erikstad Minna Hartikainen Ludmila Isaeva Martti Lindgren Antti-Jussi Lindroos Tor Myking Jarmo Poikolainen Pasi Rautio Ingvald Røsberg Maija Salemaa Hans Tømmervik Natalya VassilievaSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
J. Derome P.A. Aarrestad P. Aspholm V. Bakkestuen J.W. Bjerke K.E. Erikstad M. Hartikainen L. Isaeva M. Lindgren A.-J. Lindroos T. Myking J. Poikolainen P. Rautio I. Røsberg M. Salemaa H. Tømmervik N. VassilievaSammendrag
This report describe the results of the monitoring , research, evaluation and development activities carried out within the Interreg IIIA Kolarctic project "Development and implementation of an environmental monitoring and assessment system in the joint Finnish, Norwegian and Russian border area" during the periode 2003-2006.The results of these activities form a basis for the development of a joint environmental monitoring programme in the border areabetween Norway, Finland and Russia. The report gives an overall view of the environmental condition in the Paz (Pasvik) River basinand of the changes that have taken place over the last decade as a result of emissions from the mining and metallurgical plant at Pechenganikel (Nikel and Zapolyarnyi), located in theimmediate vicinity of the border areas between Russia and Norway and Finland. The primary objectives of this part of the project were to integrate and harmonise the monitoring activities that have already been carried out by Norway, Russia and Finland on the effects of emissions from the Pechenganikel smelter on terrestrial ecosystems in the border area, and to identify relatively sensitive and cost-effective parameters for future monitoring activities in the area. In order to fulfil these objectives, a terrestrial ecosystem monitoring network (TECM) was established in Norway, Russia and Finland on the basis of existing monitoring networks.
Sammendrag
Sigevann fra Bangarvågen deponi er vist å inneholde høye konsentrasjoner av bl.a. polysykliske aromatiske hydrokarboner (PAH), benzen, toluen, etylbenzen og xylen (BTEX) og hydrokarboner (HC). Bioforsk Jord og miljø ble kontaktet av Norconsult for å teste adsorpsjon og nedbrytning av organiske forurensninger i ulike filtermaterialer ved bruk av kolonnetester. Hensikten med forsøkene var å komme fram til bindningskapasitetene til de ulike jordblandingene under forhold som etterlignet en rensevoll i Bangarvågen. Ulike prøver av sand, mineraljord, myrjord og kompost ble vurdert brukt som filtermaterialer etter måling av kornfordeling og en visuell vurdering av prøvene. Åtte 40 cm høyde og ø 10 cm stålkolonner ble deretter pakket med 0-2 mm maskinsand tilsatt torv i økende volumprosent fra 0, 12,5 til 30 %. I tillegg til effekten av organisk materiale ble effekten av gjødsling med nitrogen og fosfor og lufting av sigevannet undersøkt. Sigevann ble pumpet motstrøms gjennom kolonnene (mettet vannstrøm). Eluater fra kolonnetestene ble analysert for tungmetaller og organiske forbindelser og rensegrad og filterkapasitet ble estimert. Forsøksresultatene gav følgende konklusjoner: 1) 10 volumprosent torvjord må tilsettes til maskinsand 0-2 mm for å oppnå nødvendig sorpsjon av metaller og organiske stoffer; 2) det er ikke nødvendig å gjødsle eller lufte sigevannet for å oppnå tilstrekkelig rensing av sigevannet i barrieren; 3) BTEX ble funnet å være den organiske forurensningen som krever størst filtertykkelse.
Forfattere
Bjørn Molteberg Trygve S. Aamlid Gudni Thorvaldsson Anders Hammarlund Frank Enger Tatsiana Espevig Åge Susort Daniel NordSammendrag
En testing av sorter til bruk på skandinavisk golfgreener startet opp som et nytt prosjekt i 2007. Fire forsøk ble etablert på USGA greeener ved Östra Ljungby Naturgymnasium, Sverige, Bioforsk Landvik and Bioforsk Apelsvoll, Norge og ved en golfbane i Keldnaholt, Island. Totalt 42 sorter innen rødsvingel, engkvein, hundekvein og krypkvein, flerårig raigras og markrapp er med i prosjektet. Sådato for Apelsvoll, Landvik, Keldnaholt og Östra Ljungby var henholdsvis 26. juni, 11, juli, 17. august og 6. september. Feltene har i såingsåret blitt klippet ned til 6 mm i rødsvingel, raigras og rapp og 4 mm i kvein. Mange sorter, spesielt innen raigras og markrapp, men også av kvein og rødsvingel viser lovende resultater. Greenåra 2008, 2009 og 2010 vil fortelle mer om disse sortene.
Forfattere
Svein Solberg Lars Eklundh Arnt Kristian Gjertsen Tomas Johansson Steve Joyce Holger Lange Erik Næsset Håkan Olsson Yong Pang Anne SolbergSammendrag
The REMFOR project evaluates remote sensing data and methods for monitoring forest health using variation in leaf area index (LAI) as a primary measure of defoliation. A large-scale pine sawfly outbreak in Norway serves as a test case. An LAI map of the study area was derived from airborne LIDAR measurements before and after the insect attack to serve as ground truth for satellite image analysis. The method predicts LAI from laser penetration rates through the canopy layer in accordance with the Beer- Lambert law calibrated with point measurements of LAI with LICOR LAI-2000. Comparing two cloud-free SPOT scenes from September 2004 and September 2005 shows obvious visual patterns of defoliation in pine forests from the 2005 outbreak. Preliminary analysis shows that the insect defoliation caused an increase in middle-infrared (SPOT band4) reflectance and a decrease in SPOT NDVI, and both these responses may be used as a reasonable predictor of LAI loss as derived from laser scanning. MODIS NDVI data were gathered for the area over the period 2000-2006, and the Timesat algorithm is used to smooth the seasonal variation. The insect attack is evident from the smoothed NDVI data both as a reduction in the summer mean value, and as an alteration of the seasonal profile during the larvae feeding period in June and July. REMFOR also encompasses a range of other remote sensing data types, including GLAS LIDAR, SAR and hyperspectral data from both airborne and satellite platforms (e.g. Hyspex and Hyperion). Landsat TM is used to generate a tree species map.
Sammendrag
Simple risk assessment tools for agricultural phosphorus (P) losses, like the P index, have been developed in the U.S.A. and in some European countries. Despite its popularity, there have been surprisingly few studies, which try to test the index close to the field scale. For Norway, the P index approach comprises the risk related to both the source of P (soil P status, amount of fertilizer and manure as well as method of application, plant P release by freezing and P balance) and the risk related to transport of P (erosion, flooding, surface runoff, contributing distance, modified connectivity, soil profile, subsurface drainage). In this paper, we have applied the Norwegian P index to farmer fields within a small agricultural catchment, the Skuterud catchment (450 ha), in southeastern Norway. The Norwegian P index was tested for two agricultural fields (0.3 to 0.4 ha) and nine subcatchments (6 to 65 ha). Total P concentrations in runoff from the eleven study areas were measured during the year from May 2001 to April 2002. Results from the testing showed that the Norwegian P index described 66% of the variation in measured relative total P concentration for fields and subcatchments included in this study. Additionally, the P index was able to detect fields and subcatchments with the highest measured P concentrations. Results also showed that the source factor contributed most to the variation between fields and hence were important for the identification of high-risk areas in Skuterud catchment. It was found that the soil P status described 66% of the variation in the source factor. Among the transport variables, it was found that both erosion risk and contributing distance had an important influence on the transport factor. Overall, the study illustrated the potential of the P index to detect areas with the highest risk of P loss.
Sammendrag
Neozygites floridana is a fungus in the order Entomophthorales that infects and kills the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. The fungus is therefore of interest for the biological control of T. urticae. To obtain information that might help in the use of this fungus under practical conditions in strawberries and cucumbers we have tried to answer the following questions in a series of studies*): 1) When, and at what infection levels does N. floridana occurre in T. urticae populations in fieldgrown strawberries? 2) How and where does N. floridana survive harsh climatic conditions (i.e winter) in Norway? 3) How and where does N. floridana infected T. urticae move and sporulate on a plant? 4) How do commonly used pesticides in strawberries affect N. floridana and T. urticae? 5) How can N. floridana be inoculated in augmentative microbial control of T. urticae? Results show that N. floridana infected and killed T. urticae in 12 out of 12 Norwegian strawberry fields studied. Infection levels up to 90% were observed, and the highest levels were observed late in the season. The infection levels throughout a season varied considerably. N. floridana was observed to overwinter as both hyphal bodies in hibernating T. urticae females from October to at least February at temperatures as low as -20o C. Cadavers with resting spores were found from October to the end of January. Cadavers then probably disintegrated, and resting spores were left on leaves, soil, etc. In a bioassay where a Norwegian N. floridana isolate was tested for numbers and distance of spores thrown at three different temperatures (13o, 18o, 23o C), preliminary results show that high numbers of spores (ca 1300-1900 per cadaver) were thrown at all three temperatures. Further, spores were thrown about the same distance (up to about 6 mm) at all three temperatures. The effects of pesticides used in strawberries on the N. floridana infection level were studied to evaluate factors that might be important for conservation biological control. The pesticides tested were three fungicides; Euparen (tolylfluanid), Teldor (fenhexamid), Switch (cyprodinil +fludioxonil) and one acaricide/ insecticide: Mesurol (methiocarb). The experiment indicated that all three fungicides affect N. floridana negatively but that Euparen might be the least harmful. Mesurol did not affect N. floridana. Our attempts to inoculate N. floridana artificially in a strawberry field has not yet been successful, but we now work on promising methods for inoculation of N. floridana in T. urticae populations in greenhouse cucumbers. More detailed results from the studies referred to in this abstract will soon be published elsewhere.
Sammendrag
Neozygites floridana is a fungus in the order Entomophthorales that infects and kills the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. The fungus is therefore of interest for the biological control of T. urticae. To obtain information that might help in the use of this fungus under practical conditions in strawberries and cucumbers we have tried to answer the following questions in a series of studies*): 1) When, and at what infection levels does N. floridana occurre in T. urticae populations in fieldgrown strawberries? 2) How and where does N. floridana survive harsh climatic conditions (i.e winter) in Norway? 3) How and where does N. floridana infected T. urticae move and sporulate on a plant? 4) How do commonly used pesticides in strawberries affect N. floridana and T. urticae? 5) How can N. floridana be inoculated in augmentative microbial control of T. urticae? Results show that N. floridana infected and killed T. urticae in 12 out of 12 Norwegian strawberry fields studied. Infection levels up to 90% were observed, and the highest levels were observed late in the season. The infection levels throughout a season varied considerably. N. floridana was observed to overwinter as both hyphal bodies in hibernating T. urticae females from October to at least February at temperatures as low as -20o C. Cadavers with resting spores were found from October to the end of January. Cadavers then probably disintegrated, and resting spores were left on leaves, soil, etc. In a bioassay where a Norwegian N. floridana isolate was tested for numbers and distance of spores thrown at three different temperatures (13o, 18o, 23o C), preliminary results show that high numbers of spores (ca 1300-1900 per cadaver) were thrown at all three temperatures. Further, spores were thrown about the same distance (up to about 6 mm) at all three temperatures. The effects of pesticides used in strawberries on the N. floridana infection level were studied to evaluate factors that might be important for conservation biological control. The pesticides tested were three fungicides; Euparen (tolylfluanid), Teldor (fenhexamid), Switch (cyprodinil +fludioxonil) and one acaricide/ insecticide: Mesurol (methiocarb). The experiment indicated that all three fungicides affect N. floridana negatively but that Euparen might be the least harmful. Mesurol did not affect N. floridana. Our attempts to inoculate N. floridana artificially in a strawberry field has not yet been successful, but we now work on promising methods for inoculation of N. floridana in T. urticae populations in greenhouse cucumbers. More detailed results from the studies referred to in this abstract will soon be published elsewhere.