Hopp til hovedinnholdet

Publikasjoner

NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.

2009

Sammendrag

The chapter reviews the available literature about the adverse effects of excess nickel on plants and their adaptation mechanisms. The study is focused on forest ecosystems exposed to extreme air pollution from the nickel-processing industry in Northern Fennoscandia. Long-term deposition of heavy metals and sulphur has caused strong soil contamination and severe damage to trees and ground vegetation, their structure, composition and chemistry. Tree leaves, branches and bark as well as dwarf shrubs, mosses and lichens show clearly elevated concentrations of nickel and copper in the surroundings of the smelters. Multivariate analyses show that changes in the element composition of plants depend both on air pollution and on natural factors. Besides direct input of pollutants from atmosphere, soil contamination and nutritional disturbance contribute significantly to the observed changes. Despite decline in emissions, extreme pool of heavy metals accumulated in surface soils is expected to influence plant metabolism and chemistry over a long period of time.

Til dokument

Sammendrag

The estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZON) produced by some Fusarium spp. causes reproductive problems and hyperestrogenic syndromes in mammals. In an effort to elucidate the molecular pathways of ZON production, we present a comparative real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction expression study of seven contiguous genes in the ZON biosynthetic cluster on sterile rice and during wheat and oat infection. Under ZON production on rice, the polyketide synthase (PKS) genes PKS4 and PKS13, alcohol oxidase FG12056 gene, and transcriptional regulator FG02398 gene showed similarly upregulated patterns, whereas the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NPS) FG02394, the K+ channel beta subunit FG12015, and the protein kinase FG02399 displayed a variant pattern. During the same time period under wheat infection when no ZON was produced, the PKS genes and the NPS were downregulated relative to rice whereas the K+ channel beta subunit gene FG12015 was markedly upregulated, suggesting that it may play a role in the infection process. This is the first expression study of ZON biosynthetic genes in planta. The results give insight into the regulation and activities of the ZON gene cluster under different experimental systems and suggest a connection between ZON and a K+ channel that could reveal a novel function for ZON in Fusarium spp.

Sammendrag

Members of the APSES family of fungal proteins have been identified as key regulators of fungal development, controlling processes such as mating, sporulation and dimorphic growth. We deleted the FgStuA gene in Fusarium graminearum and show that the mutant is greatly impaired in spore development, pathogenicity and secondary metabolism. FgStuA is closely related to FoStuA in F. oxysporum, but unlike FoStuA mutants the FgStuA mutants were greatly reduced in pathogenicity both on wheat and apple slices. The lack of ability to cause disease on wheat heads may be due to lack of trichothecene accumulation in planta. The FgStuA mutant also had a white/yellow mycelial phenotype compared to the red pigmented (aurofusarin) wild-type, had reduced aerial mycelium, susceptibility to oxidative stress, and had a less hydrophobic surface. Microarray analysis showed that most phenotypes could be inferred from gene expression data, such as down-regulation of the trichothecene gene cluster in the mutant. In an attempt to separate primary and secondary effects of FgStuA deletion, we carefully examined gene expression data together with promoter analysis and comparative genomics. The genes flanking FgStuA are conserved and syntenous in other fungal genomes and contain a gene encoding a putative clock controlled protein. FgStuAp and other APSES proteins share significant homology with DNA-binding domains of transcription factors controlling the critical G1/S phase cell cycle transition in both S. cerevisiae and S. pombe. Genes within MIPS Functional Category (FunCat) 10 "Cell cycle and DNA processing" are enriched among those more highly expressed in the FgStuA mutant than wild-type. Aspergillus StuAp response elements (A/TCGCGT/ANA/C) also were found highly enriched in promoter sequences for FunCat 10 genes, compared to the genome as a whole. Our results suggests that FgStuAp may act primarily as a repressor involved in cell cycle regulation, and may act only secondarily on sporulation, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism. 

Sammendrag

Members of the APSES family of fungal proteins have been identified as key regulators of fungal development, controlling processes such as mating, sporulation and dimorphic growth. We deleted the FgStuA gene in Fusarium graminearum and show that the mutant is greatly impaired in spore development, pathogenicity and secondary metabolism. FgStuA is closely related to FoStuA in F. oxysporum, but unlike FoStuA mutants the FgStuA mutants were greatly reduced in pathogenicity both on wheat and apple slices. The lack of ability to cause disease on wheat heads may be due to lack of trichothecene accumulation in planta. The FgStuA mutant also had a white/yellow mycelial phenotype compared to the red pigmented (aurofusarin) wild-type, had reduced aerial mycelium, susceptibility to oxidative stress, and had a less hydrophobic surface. Microarray analysis showed that most phenotypes could be inferred from gene expression data, such as down-regulation of the trichothecene gene cluster in the mutant. In an attempt to separate primary and secondary effects of FgStuA deletion, we carefully examined gene expression data together with promoter analysis and comparative genomics. The genes flanking FgStuA are conserved and syntenous in other fungal genomes and contain a gene encoding a putative clock controlled protein. FgStuAp and other APSES proteins share significant homology with DNA-binding domains of transcription factors controlling the critical G1/S phase cell cycle transition in both S. cerevisiae and S. pombe. Genes within MIPS Functional Category (FunCat) 10 "Cell cycle and DNA processing" are enriched among those more highly expressed in the FgStuA mutant than wild-type. Aspergillus StuAp response elements (A/TCGCGT/ANA/C) also were found highly enriched in promoter sequences for FunCat 10 genes, compared to the genome as a whole. Our results suggests that FgStuAp may act primarily as a repressor involved in cell cycle regulation, and may act only secondarily on sporulation, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism. 

Sammendrag

Forsøksresultatene som presenteres i denne rapporten er for det meste biologisk godkjenningsprøving av skadedyrmidler, samt prøving i småkulturer utført med finansiering fra Handlingsplanen på oppdrag fra Mattilsynet i 2009. I tillegg er det forsøk eller egne forsøksledd som grupperes som biologisk utviklingsprøving. Utviklingsprøvingen er finansiert av Bioforsk, importører/tilvirkere av plantevernmidler, produsentgrupper eller av Landbruks- og matdepartementet. For eventuelle restanalyseforsøk som er utført, er kjemiske analyser gjort av Fagseksjon Pesticidkjemi ved Bioforsk Plantehelse. Forsøkene er utført etter GEP-kvalitet, hvis ikke annet er nevnt. Dette innebærer at det er utarbeidet skriftlige prosedyrer for nesten alle arbeidsprosesser.

Til dokument

Sammendrag

Boka "Håndtering og bruk av plantevernmidler - Grunnbok" (Tun Forlag 2006) gir basiskunnskaper om riktig bruk og håndtering av plantevernmidler. Den legger vekt på integrert plantevern, riktig bruk av plantevernmidler, konsekvenser ved bruk av plantevernmidler for bruker, forbruker og miljø, samt stell og bruk av sprøyteteknisk utstyr. Grunnboka gir grundig omtale av åkersprøyta, men går ikke detaljert inn på omtale av annet sprøyteutstyr. ¿Bruk av plantervernmidler ¿ Sprøyteteknikk i veksthus¿ er et tilleggshefte til grunnboka, og omhandler sprøyteutstyr som brukes i veksthuskulturer. Dette tilleggsheftet er en revisjon av tidligere hefte om sprøyteteknikk i veksthus (Bjugstad N. 2005). Vi har denne gangen fokusert på å gjøre teksten mer oversiktlig og brukerrettet. Det er tilføyd informasjon om hvilke situasjoner det er aktuelt å bruke plantevernmidler, og hvilke typer utstyr og behandlingsmetoder som er aktuelle å bruke i de ulike situasjonene. I tillegg til tradisjonelle veksthuskulturer som potteplanter, snittblomster, veksthusbær og veksthusgrønnsaker dekker tilleggsheftet også bruk av plantevernmidler i veksthus i planteskoler. Det finnes mange ulike typer sprøyteutstyr og -metoder for bruk i veksthuskulturer. For brukeren er det viktig å studere ekstra grundig det sprøyteutstyret som er aktuelt for hans/hennes formål. Manuskriptet er utarbeidet i samarbeid med kollegaer ved Institutt for matematiske realfag og teknologi ved Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap og kollegaer ved Bioforsk Plantehelse. Inger Sundheim Fløistad ved Bioforsk har gitt innspill om ugrasbekjempelse. Vi har også fått innspill fra Marit Skuterud ved Mattilsynet og Møyfrid Sørestad Hem ved Gjennestad gartnerskole. Bildene i tilleggsheftet er levert av ulike forhandlere av sprøyteutstyr, samt av UMB og Bioforsk. Illustrasjonene er utarbeidet av Nils Bjugstad, Erling Fløistad og Bjørn Norheim. Tilleggsheftet er godkjent og finansiert av Mattilsynet.

Sammendrag

Plantevernleksikonet. Skadegjørere: Veksthusmellus Bomullsmellus Ferskenbladlus Grønnflekket veksthusbladlus Agurkbladlus Potetbladlus Rosebladlus Gammafly Hærmygg Søramerikansk minerflue Floridaminerflue Amerikansk blomstertrips Cyclamenmidd Skuddtoppmidd For hver skadegjører gis en oversikt over utseende, utbredelse, vertplanter, livssyklus, skadevirkninger og bekjempelse.