Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2016
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
The Eurasian spruce bark beetle Ips typographus is a major forest pest in Europe, capable of mass-attacking and killing mature Norway spruces over extensive areas during outbreaks. Recurring outbreaks over the last few centuries have affected Central and Northern Europe. Outbreaks tend to be periodic and are in many cases triggered by large wind-felling events. For example in Scandinavia several large outbreaks have been triggered by storm disturbances in the last 50 years. In Europe I. typographus is widespread where spruce hosts are found except for in the British Isles. Here we review the identification and biology of this insect and present information about its invasiveness and the potential of success in early detection and control of outbreaks. There are indications that a warmer climate will increase the risk for outbreaks in the northern range of spruce in Europe, where outbreaks so far have been rare. More outbreaks are also expected at the southern margin of the spruce distribution in Europe, where lower than average precipitation seems to generally favor infestations. Establishments outside Eurasia have not been found despite frequent interceptions at ports of entry. Our experiments showed that North American spruce species may be suitable hosts and we conclude that it cannot be ruled out that future establishment can result from repeated imports. The most efficient control option of storm-triggered outbreaks is removal of wind-felled trees before the new generation beetles emerge.
Forfattere
David N Barton Tom Andersen Olvar Bergland Alexander Engebretsen S. Jannicke Moe Geir I Orderud Koji Tominaga Eirik Romstad Rolf D VogtSammendrag
The term “integrated valuation” is defined and its relevance is discussed in terms of bridging the gap between cost-effectiveness analysis and economic valuation in the implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive. We demonstrate how to integrate benefit valuation with the ecosystem services cascade framework using an Object-Oriented Bayesian Network (OOBN). The OOBN is then used to assess the benefits of nutrient abatement measures across a cascade of submodels of the driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) chain for the Vanemfjord lake in Morsa catchment in south-eastern Norway. The lake is part of a complex lake system in a semi-urbanized catchment dominated by forest and agriculture. The catchment has highly variable seasonal climatic conditions affecting nutrient run-off and algal blooms. It has been one of the most eutrophic lakes in Norway with periodic cyanobacteria blooms, but continues to attract a large recreational user population, despite the large variations in water quality. The “DPSIR-OOBN” model is used as a case study of “integrated valuation” and evaluated for its applicability for decision support in nutrient abatement. We find that the DPSIR-OOBN model meets seven of the nine criteria we propose for “integrated valuation”. The model struggles to meet the criteria that ecological, social and economic values should be defined consistently in relation to impacts on lake quality. While the DPSIR-OOBN integrates from valuation methods across an ecosystem cascade to management alternatives, it is neither a full benefit-cost analysis, nor a multi-criteria analysis. However, we demonstrate how the DPSIR-OOBN can be used to explore issues of consistency in scaling and weighting of different ecological, social and economic values in the catchment system. Bayesian belief networks offer a consistent approach to analysing how management implementation probability may determine economic valuation. We discuss the implication of our integrated valuation not being able to account for farmer responses, in particular the incentive effects of the model not being able to predict abatement effectiveness and value. The resolution of the nutrient monitoring data and modeling technologies that were at our disposal are probably better in the Morsa catchment than for any other catchment of this size in Norway. We therefore conclude that using our integrated valuation model for assessing benefits of eutrophication abatement measures as part of the EU Water Framework Directive still lies in the realm of utopia – euphemistically speaking a “eutropia”.
Forfattere
Asbjørn VeidalSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
It is widely accepted that legume crops yield and basic chemical composition of pulses regarding crude proteins content are closely dependent on agro-environmental conditions and cropping system. Monoculture is used mostly in conventional agriculture, where the same crop is cultivated on the same land for a 12-month period. In an organic and integrated growing approach more attention is paid to plant-environment interactions, and as a result, diverse growing systems applying intercropping, catch crops, green manure, alternatives are being implemented. Thus, trials aimed at increasing the current knowledge on sustainable agriculture constitute an essential part of EUROLEGUME, which envisages the comparison of organic vs conventional cropping systems for faba bean and pea production in northern Europe. Thus, field experiments were set up in two different locations (AREI - Latvia and NIBIO -Norway). Results obtained showed significant differences in yield between tested genotypes of faba bean and pea. For pea most yielding cultivars (‘Klara’ and ‘Kirke’) slightly differed between trial locations, being the most promising in both locations. On the other hand, on faba bean accessions ‘Julia’ and ‘Lielplatones’ exhibited the highest yield in Norway, and ‘Bauska’ and ‘Lielpaltones’ in Latvia. Apart from the evaluation of the impact of crop rotation on legumes yield, the influence of legumes as intercrop with horticultural crops was also evaluated on a two years’ study, on vegetables and strawberry crops in Latvia. This work showed that the most efficient intercropping variants were cabbage/faba bean and carrot/faba bean, whilst onion and faba bean intercrop are not recommended.
Forfattere
Knut Erik Tollefsen Kine Bæk Ana Almeida Linn Anette Haug Hans Ragnar Norli Sven R. Odenmarck Marianne StenrødSammendrag
This project evaluated whether the principles of combined toxicity assessment (CTA) and cumulative risk assessment (CRA) can be used to predict the toxicity of ecologically-relevant mixtures of plant protection products (PPPs) in surface waters receiving run-off from Norwegian agricultural areas. A combination of testing solid phase extracts (SPE), whole surface water and a synthetic mixture in an algal bioassay and predicting combined toxicity using CTA models were conducted on selected samples from the Heia catchment (Råde, Norway). The results demonstrated that designing and testing synthetic mixtures on the basis of measured concentrations of PPPs was the best method for the accurate determination of combined toxicity due to confounding factors introduced by whole water and SPE testing. Combined toxicity models based on Concentration Addition (CA) successfully predicted the toxicity of the complex synthetic mixture and verified that a mixture of PPPs acted in an additive manner. Tiered assessment of the cumulative risk of active PPP substances and PPP formulations proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) were considered applicable also for the CRA of complex environmental mixtures and could potentially aid the identification of relevant mixtures, risk drivers and susceptible species as input to the assessment and approval of PPPs.
Forfattere
Inara Helena Konosoka Arta Kronberga Aina Kokare Liga Lepse Margit Olle Maria da Graca Pereira Ingunn M. Vågen Fredrik Fogelberg Miguel RodriguesSammendrag
Quality aspects of food crops have been gaining increased attention at important regarding economic and health levels. Grain legumes have high potential for the nutritional improvement of foods, although to date, existing gaps of information on the compositional characteristics of legumes as feedstuffs and foodstuffs, as well as concerning technologies enabling the development of new food and feed products entail a reduced consumption. Recognizing this challenge, EUROLEGUME has addressed this topic by selecting the best legume varieties regarding their content in protein, amino acids, dry matter, ash, and total fats in a panel of underexplored varieties of faba bean (n = 10), pea (n = 16), and cowpea (n = 28). The results obtained on the proximate composition have identified nutritionally enhanced and genetically diverse germplasms. In this work it was identified the most promising genotypes of faba bean (‘Gloria’, ‘Džūkstes’, ‘Kučānes’, and ‘Aqua Dolce’), pea (‘Looming’, ‘k4171’, ‘k4831’,‘Eesti kollane söödahernes’, and ‘Bruno’), and cowpea (‘Vg50’, ‘Vg51’, ‘Vg56’, ‘Vg57’, ‘Vg58’, and ‘Vg59’) for the development of new attractive, convenient ready-to-eat, and tasty legume-based food formulations that will contribute to the diversification of healthier diets. In addition, in this work, significant differences were stated regarding the content in protein, total, essential, and non-essential amino acids between legumes grown in organic and conventional systems that allowed to highlight the relevance of the cropping system for the nutritional value of legumes.
Redaktører
Ingrid TengeSammendrag
Dette er en evaluering av Areal- og kulturlandskapstilskuddet hvor en også går igjennom ord- ningene i EU og Sveits. Rapporten beskriver indikatorer på måloppnåelse. Den lister også opp alternative innretninger som kan vurderes.
Sammendrag
Rapporten er skrevet på oppdrag for Miljødirektoratet og formålet er å vurdere effekten av endringer i gjødselvareforskriften og andre tiltak på utslipp av lystgass, metan og ammoniakk til luft og nitrogen til vann. Miljødirektoratet har kommet med forslag til endringer innenfor følgende områder: Krav til ulike lagertyper for husdyrgjødsel Krav til lagerkapasitet for husdyrgjødsel Krav til spredetidspunkt for gjødselvare Krav til spredeareal I tillegg er effekten av følgende tiltak utenom gjødselvareforskriften vurdert: Miljøvennlige spredemetoder Innføring av en avgift på mineralgjødsel Strengere krav til regulering av gjødslingsplanlegging Andre alternativer inkluderer: Krav til tett dekke ved lagring av all bløtgjødsel Biogas (vurdert i annen rapport) Rapporten vurderer effekten av tiltakene og de samfunnsøkonomiske kostnadene. Det er i størst mulig omfang forsøkt å kvantifisere effektene basert på dagens kunnskap. I kapittel 6 er tiltakseffekter og kostnader oppsummeret for hvert tiltak. Under er tiltakene vurdert samlet. Oppsummert er det mest effektive tiltaket som fører til reduserte utslipp av ammoniakk stripespredning av husdyrgjødsel. Dette tiltaket har god kostnadseffektivitet og forholdsvis stor grad av sikkerhet for effekt. Dessuten vil tak over lager for bløtgjødsel gi reduserte utslipp av ammoniakk, men kostnadene ved dette tiltaket er forholdsvis store. Det er mest effektivt med tak over lager for svinegjødsel. Tiltak som fører til reduksjon i utslipp av lystgass er først og fremst bedre utnyttelse av husdyrgjødsel gjennom forbedret gjødslingsplanlegging. Effekten av tiltaket skyldes redusert bruk av nitrogen i mineralgjødsel. Kostnader ved gjennomføring av dette tiltaket består av økt rådgiving og evt. kontroll. Avgift på nitrogen vil kunne gi reduserte utslipp av lystgass, men bør kombineres med økt rådgiving for å få best mulig effekt. Krav til spredetidspunkt vil også, sammen med økt lagerkapasitet, gi en bedre utnyttelse av husdyrgjødsel i planteproduksjonen og dermed reduserte lystgassutslipp, men dette krever forholdsvis store investeringer. Metanutslipp kan ifølge danske faktorer bli redusert med 15 % ved å etablere tett dekke på lager for bløtgjødsel. Dette er avhengig av et naturlig flytedekke eller flytedekke av halm. Effekten er meget usikker og det kan på samme tid føre til økte utslipp av lystgass. Utslipp av nitrogen til vann vil bli redusert ved forbedret gjødslingsplanlegging sammen med strengere krav til spredetidspunkt som igjen henger sammen med økt lagerkapasitet. Det siste krever store investeringer. For mer detaljert sammendrag og konklusjon se kapittel 6 side 51.