Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2009
Forfattere
Nadeem Yaqoob Igor A. Yakovlev Paal Krokene Harald Kvaalen Halvor Solheim Carl Gunnar FossdalSammendrag
Clonal variation towards resistance has been observed in Norway spruce Heterobasidion annosum s.l. (H.a). H.a. is the main cause of root rot and has a severe economic impact on an economically important conifer tree species. Annual financial losses are in the hundreds of millions of Euros annually. Less susceptible clones appear to have an efficient system of recognizing the pathogen and initiating early defense signalling events. Active defense responses can be started locally and transmitted systemically. This work focus on the expression both spatially (systemically) and temporally in this pathosystem. Two-year-old, somatic saplings of the Norway spruce clone were challenged with H.a., wounded, methyl jasmonate painted and compared to untreated controls and ninety plants were used for the experiment. Stem samples were collected at 1, 3, 6 and 13 days post inoculation (d.p.i). The stem of the saplings were divided into sections along its length and the bark and wood separated from each other at time of collection. In order to see local response an area of 1cm including the site of inoculation was collected, while the spatial (systemic) response was assessed in sections collected at distances of 3 and 6cm away from the site of inoculation. The separated bark and wood were analysed for differential gene expression by qRT-PCR, and the results from peroxidases (PaPX3 and PaPX2) and a chitinase (PaChi4) are presented. Both local and systemic up- and down-regulation were observed at the transcriptional level in both bark and wood, up to 2000 fold local increase in expression was observed for PaChi4.
Sammendrag
Two mature clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) shown to have different level of resistance towards inoculation of Heterobasidion parviporum were compared with respect to spatiotemporal expression of transcripts related to biosynthesis of lignin, stilbenes and other phenolic compounds in response to fungal inoculation and physical wounding. Both clones responded to H. parviporum and physical wounding at transcriptional and chemical levels. Taxifolin, detected in the resistant clone only, increased in concentration following both wounding and inoculation. Concentrations of stilbenoid glucosides were highest in the susceptible clone. Following wounding or inoculation, concentrations of these glucosides increased in the susceptible clone, and quantities of their corresponding aglycones increased dramatically in both clones close to the treatment point. Significant changes in transcription were detected over the entire lesion length for all transcripts, and only the changes in a few transcripts indicated a response to inoculation with H. parviporum differing from that caused by wounding alone. The resistant clone had higher basal concentrations of lignin (LTGA) compared to the susceptible clone; concentrations increased in both clones after wounding and wounding plus inoculation treatments, but remained consistently higher in the resistant clone, suggesting higher lignin levels in the cell walls compared to the susceptible clone. In addition, the transcript level in the same clones was also measured the following year and we saw indications of primed defences for a number of gene products likely resulting from the inoculations performed 12 months prior.
Sammendrag
European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), also known as common ash, occurs naturally inland in lower areas of southeastern Norway and along the southern coast of the country. It is important both as a forest and ornamental tree. During the last decade, dieback has become a disastrous disease on F. excelsior in many European countries. The anamorphic fungus Chalara fraxinea T. Kowalski (1), described for the first time from dying ash trees in Poland, is now considered the cause of ash dieback (2). In May of 2008, C. fraxinea was isolated from 1.5 m high diseased F. excelsior in a nursery in Østfold County in southeastern Norway. Symptoms included wilting, necrotic lesions around leaf scars and side branches, and discoloration of the wood. From symptomatic branches, small pieces (approximately 1 cm3) were excised in the transition area between healthy and discolored wood. After surface sterilization (10 s in 70% ethanol + 90 s in NaOCl), the pieces were air dried for 1 min in a safety cabinet, cut into smaller pieces, and placed on media. The fungus was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and water agar (WA). On PDA, the cultures were tomentose, light orange, and grew slowly (21 mm mean colony diameter after 2 weeks at room temperature). Typical morphological features of C. fraxinea developed in culture. Brownish phialides (14.8 to 30.0 [19.5] × 2.5 to 5.0 [4.1] μm, n = 50) first appeared in the center of the colonies on the agar plugs that had been transferred. The agar plugs were 21 days old when phialides were observed. Abundant sporulation occurred 3 days later. Conidia (phialospores) extruded apically from the phialides and formed droplets. Conidia measured 2.1 to 4.0 (3.0) × 1.4 to 1.9 (1.7) μm (n = 50). The first-formed conidia from each phialide were different in size and shape from the rest by being longer (6 μm, n = 10) and more narrow in the end that first appeared at the opening of the phialide. Internal transcribed spacer sequencing confirmed that the morphological identification was correct (Accession No. EU848544 in GenBank). A pathogenicity test was carried out in June of 2008 by carefully removing one leaf per plant on 10 to 25 cm high F. excelsior trees (18 trees) and placing agar plugs from a 31-day-old C. fraxinea culture (isolate number 10636) on the leaf scars and covering with Parafilm. After 46 days, isolations were carried out as described above from discolored wood that had developed underneath necrotic lesions in the bark and subsequently caused wilting of leaves. All the inoculated plants showed symptoms, and C. fraxinea was successfully reisolated. No symptoms were seen on uninoculated control plants (eight trees) that had received the same treatment except that sterile PDA agar plugs had been used.
Forfattere
Anna Lewandowska-Sabat Siri Fjellheim Per Winge Atle M. Bones Torfinn Sparstad Carl Gunnar Fossdal Jorunn Elisabeth Olsen Odd Arne RognliSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Leif Sundheim Maria-Luz Herrero Trond Rafoss Brita Toppe May Bente Brurberg Trond Hofsvang Christer Magnusson Anne Marte Tronsmo Bjørn ØklandSammendrag
Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres, A.W.A.M. de Cook & W.A. Man in‘t Veld is a newly described Phytophthora-species which is considered to be relatively recently introduced to both USA and Europe from an unknown area, or areas, of origin. The pathogen has a wide host range and causes a complexity of disease symptoms generally grouped into three categories: canker, foliage lesion, and dieback. In Europe the pathogen has been reported in 21 countries, Norway included; predominantly on ornamental plants in nurseries, but also outside nurseries in gardens and semi-natural environment, most often on rhododendrons. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority needs a risk assessment of the pest as basis for an evaluation of a future phytosanitary risk management of P. ramorum, including whether the organism should be regulated as a quarantine pest in Norway. On this background the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, in a letter of 22nd August 2008, requested a pest risk assessment of P. ramorum from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM). The pest risk assessment was adopted by VKM"s Panel on plant health (Panel 9) on a meeting 24th June 2009. VKM"s Panel 9 gives the following main conclusions of the risk assessment: 1) P. ramorum is present but not widely distributed in Norway, and the pest is under official control. The outdoors surveys of P. ramorum in Norway have not been conducted systematically over the whole country, and some uncertainty therefore still remains regarding the current distribution of P. ramorum in the PRA area. 2) The overall probability of entry of P. ramorum into Norway and the overall probability of establishment of P. ramorum in Norway are both rated as high with low levels of uncertainty; 3) In the absence of statutory control the probability for P. ramorum to be spread quickly in the PRA area by trade of host plants for planting is rated as high. The uncertainty of this assessment is low; 4) The part of the PRA area where presence of P. ramorum might result in economically important losses (the endangered area) is assessed to be most of the country of Norway, except where the climate is predicted to be unfavourable for the pest. However, this area must be regarded as a maximum estimate for the endangered area. On the other hand, a narrow and very conservative estimate for the endangered area can be defined based on the geographical distribution of highly susceptible host plants in Norway. This area is gardens and parks with Rhododendron spp., Viburnum spp. and F. sylvatica and areas in the wild into which Rhododendron spp. has spread and woods with F. sylvatica. Woods with F. sylvatica is limited to the county of Vestfold and some small areas in the counties of Aust-Agder and Hordaland; 5) P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on the nurseries in the PRA area with current phytosanitary measures. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact on the nursery industry of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 6) With current phytosanitary measures P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on parks and private gardens in parts of the PRA area. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact in the best climatic zones of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 7) The impact of P. ramorum in coniferous and mixed forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium. The impact of P. ramorum in natural and planted deciduous broadleaf forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor due to the scattered and limited distribution of the most susceptible species. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium; 8) The non-commercial and environmental consequences to natural environments in the PRA area are likely to be moderate. The level of uncertainty ...
Sammendrag
Regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana is controlled by a network of pathways integrating environmental and internal signals. Two of these pathways, the vernalization and photoperiodic pathways, mediate responses to prolonged cold period and photoperiod, respectively. A number of A. thaliana populations from high-latitude and high-altitude locations in Norway were collected and phenotyped for flowering time in response to 5 photoperiods and 5 vernalization treatments. Vernalization and photoperiodic sensitivity were not correlated with latitude but rather with climatic factors such as winter temperature and precipitation that do not vary with latitude, especially in coastal environments. Coastal populations, both from subarctic and intermediate latitudes, were rather insensitive towards the length of the vernalization treatment but very sensitive towards differences in photoperiods. Stronger photoperiod sensitivity in coastal populations might be a necessary adaptation for sensing the onset of spring in regions with relatively mild and unpredictable winter climates as opposed to continental climates with more stable winters. FLC sequence variation was only partly associated with vernalization response, whereas variation in transcript levels of CRY2, TOC1 and GI was correlated with photoperiodic responses. This suggests that local adaptation of populations may be partly mediated by photoreceptors and circadian clock pathways.
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Geir Mathiesen Anita Sveen May Bente Brurberg Lasse Fredriksen Lars Axelsson Vincent EijsinkSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Abdelhameed ElameenSammendrag
Abstract Germplasm characterization is an important component contributing to the effective management of plant genetic resources. The goal of this thesis was to study the genetic diversity of two models of vegetatively propagated plant species; roseroot (Rhodiola rosea L.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam), based on germplasm collections. Roseroot was recently collected from natural habitats and then vegetatively propagated at the germplasm centre while sweet potato already has a long tradition as a vegetatively propagated food species. I. Roseroot (Rhodiola rosea) Roseroot, R. rosea, also commonly known as golden root or arctic root, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Crassulaceae family. R. rosea has its origin from the cold, humid regions of the northern hemisphere and grows mostly in the mountains near the snow border. R. rosea is widely distributed in Norway. As part of an effort to identify commercially valuable genotypes characterization of a germplasm collection from Norway was initiated. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to estimate genetic diversity within the Norwegian R. rosea germplasm collection. AFLP analysis of 97 R. rosea clones using five primer combinations gave a total of 109 polymorphic bands. A large molecular marker variation was found among roseroot clones in Norway with an average percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) of 82.3%. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a significantly greater variation within regions (92.03%) than among regions (7.97%) demonstrating that there was no close genetic similarity among clones originating from the same county. A low level of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.043) was observed, indicating a high level of gene flow, which had a strong influence on the genetic structure in Norway. Our results indicate high gene flow among R. rosea clones that might be a result of seed dispersal rather than cross-pollination. Ninety five clones of the Norwegian roseroot germplasm collection were analysed and quantified for their content of the bioactive compounds rosavin, salidroside, rosin, cinnamyl alcohol and tyrosol using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. All bioactive compounds were detected in all clones but in highly variable quantities. The frequency distribution of the chemical content of each clone was not correlated with geographic region of origin or gender of the plant. Significant correlations between the content of these bioactive compounds were observed within individual roseroot clones. Low and nonsignificant correlations were found between AFLP markers used to study genetic diversity of the roseroot clones and their content of chemical compounds. The maximum content of rosavin, rosin and salidroside observed were substantially higher than previously reported for roseroot plants, and the roseroot clones characterized in this study might therefore be of high pharmacological value. The large quantitative and qualitative variation of the chemical compounds observed in this study and the large genetic diversity observed in this germplasm constitute a firm basis for improving traits such as chemical composition in a breeding program for roseroot. This is the first report that combines the analysis of genetic diversity with information of the chemical composition of roseroot. Further studies of the roseroot populations from Norway as well as from other countries should be performed throughout the following years to identify clones with optimal chemical compositions and to maintain high genetic diversity of this species. II. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) Sweet potato has its origin in South America and is the 7th most important crop in the world. A Tanzanian sweet potato germplasm collection was characterized using molecular markers and morphological traits. The AFLP method was used to study the genetic diversity and relationships of sweet potato accessions in the germplasm collection ..
Forfattere
Fushi Wen Ho Hyung Woo Elizabeth A. Pierson Toril Eldhuset Carl Gunnar Fossdal Nina Elisabeth Nagy Martha C. HawesSammendrag
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