Publikasjoner
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2002
Forfattere
Dan AamlidSammendrag
Extended summary and conclusions The Pechenganikel combine in the Nikel-Zapolyarny area was established in 1933. During the first 30 years of production, 100 000 tons of sulphur dioxide (SO2) were emitted annually. Since 1971, nickel from the Norilsk ores in Siberia have been processed in the smelters. The Norilsk ore contains more sulphur than the Nikel ore. As a result of the processing of this sulphur-rich ore, emissions of SO2 increased rapidly, reaching 400 000 tons in 1979. Current annual emissions are much lower, about 150 000 tons. However, the present emission is still above the critical level for sensitive biota in the Nikel-Pasvik area. Investigations of soils show that the soil layers are contaminated by heavy metals (nickel and copper). The results also indicate an influence on soil fertility expressed as changes in base saturation (BS), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil acidity. According to the calculations (critical loads) future sulphur deposition has to be reduced to very low levels in order to stop the ongoing soil acidification. Air pollution influence has had severe effects on forest vegetation in the Nikel-Pasvik area. Trees, vascular plants, mosses and lichens are all affected. In the close vicinity of the smelters forests are dead or severely damaged. Visible injuries to vegetation caused by SO2 have some years been frequent. Symptoms are recognised on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and downy birch (Betula pubescens), which are the dominant tree species in the region, and on other plants, e.g. dwarf birch (Betula nana) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). The species composition of the ground vegetation in the forest has been influenced, and epiphytic lichen vegetation has been severely influenced over large areas. Critical levels are exceeded on more than 3200 square kilometres of Russian and Norwegian territory. Air pollution has reduced invertebrate and animal diversity due to lack of forest vegetation and contamination of surface soils in the vicinity of the nickel smelters. Small vertebrates are impacted by an increased heavy metal content in the liver. However, no negative health effects to reindeer are foreseen. Long-term monitoring of water chemistry in lakes and rivers has revealed that extensive surface water acidification has taken place, particularly on the Norwegian side of the border. Critical loads are exceeded in large areas of Sør-Varanger municipality, especially in the Jarfjord area, and in areas situated around Nikel and Zapolyarny. However, on the Russian side, the contamination of lakes by the heavy metals (nickel and copper) is more severe than acidification, especially in the vicinity of the smelters, where damage to fish populations as well as phytoplankton and invertebrate communities are observed. Studies of human health in the Nikel-Pasvik area revealed no major health effects that can be ascribed to the air pollution by nickel and sulphur dioxide in the Nikel-Zapolyarny area or in the Pasvik valley. The most severe effects of air pollution in the border areas between Norway and Russia, caused by sulphur dioxide emission from Nikel and Zapolyarny, on the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems seem to be on vegetation, surface water and soils, and thus also on other compartments of the ecosystem.
Sammendrag
The project reported here was a co-operation between the National Focal Centers for four of the ICPs in Norway: ICP Mapping and Modeling, ICP Waters, ICP Forest and ICP Integrated Monitoring. Dynamic modeling was carried out using data from several sites in the ICP networks, with the aim of making predictions on the future acidification status for surface waters, forest and soils in Norway. Predictions are made for three different deposition scenarios. At two of the sites, the model predictions suggest that the Current Legislation scenario will not promote water qualities sufficient for sustainable fish populations, while the scenario seems sufficient for the others. Under the Maximum Feasible Reduction scenario one of the sites still will not reach a sufficiently high ANC. In general, the modeling results for forest soils agree with results from previous investigations stating that surface water acidification is more severe than the soil acidification. However, the results suggest that there has been soil acidification at all sites as a result of acid deposition and that the base saturation will not be built up again to pre-industrial levels during the next 50 years at any of the sites, not even with the Maximum Feasible Reduction Scenario.
Forfattere
Erlend Ystrøm Haartveit Dag FjeldSammendrag
Two games, called “Wood Supply Games”, are developed based on the structure and dynamics of the Beer Game. The games are intended as student exercises in forestry logistics courses. By introducing divergent and convergent flows in the supply chain, the relevance to the forest sector is increased. Results from pilot experiments of the games are presented and discussed in terms of how different degrees of complexity in supply chain structures may affect their efficiency. Measures of efficiency are accumulated costs, amplification of demand and the sample variance of order rates. Results indicate that supply chain performance is negatively affected by increasing rigidity of constraints at points of divergence. Furthermore, lower degrees of efficiency and predictability are observed as complexity of supply chain structure increases. Testing of results and proposed hypotheses can be accomplished by running numerous replications of the games, or alternatively, by development of appropriate simulation models.
Sammendrag
This study shows that it is questionable if critical load modelling can contribute in the search for harmful effects of acid deposition on forest health at present. Critical loads for S and N deposition were calculated using the MAGIC and PROFILE models for more than 100 monitoring plots in Norway spruce forest in south-east Norway. The two models gave different results, likely due to differences in the models, including differences in the time spans applied. The PROFILE model gave considerably more plots with exceedance than the MAGIC model. At plots where the CL was exceeded, calcium/aluminium (Ca/Al) ratios in the soil solutions were low. However, very few of these plots had possible harmful values of the Ca/Al-ratio. More than 50 yr seems in most cases to be needed to bring Ca/Al ratios below 1.0. Present deposition was better correlated with measured forest condition variables such as crown condition and needle chemistry, than with modelled exceedance according to any of the two methods. The deposition of S and N was weakly, negatively correlated to foliar concentrations of P and Ca, and positively to foliar N concentrations and crown density.
Forfattere
Peder Gjerdrum H. Säll H.M. StorøSammendrag
Any evident grain deviation will reduce strength and increase warp in sawn timber. To describe the magnitude and variance of grain angle in Norway spruce, specimens from 1046 Norwegian sawlogs and 380 logs from Sweden and Finland were examined. For individual specimens, grain angle outside the innermost zone closest to the pith might be expressed by a simple linear function of radial distance from the pith. The intercept and inclination of this function are close to bivariate normally distributed with mean values (SD) of 2.7 deg. (1.9) and -0.039 deg/mm(0.037), respectively. Inclination is less negative for wider annual rings (r = 0.3), and intercept and inclination are negatively correlated (r = -0.4). The constant rate of change indicates inherited property rather than influence of any dynamic, external stimulus. No predictor for grain angle pattern was found. The linear model leads to simplifications both when observing the grain angle in the forestry, and in calculations of strength properties and distortion in the timber industry.
Forfattere
Halvor Solheim Jan-Ole SkageSammendrag
In a greenery trial of Noble fir in western Norway, most branches had good quality until 1994 when 31 % of the branches were discarded. Since then a high level of losses has been noted and 87 % were discarded in 2000. A survey in 1998 revealed that the needle blight fungus Delphinella abietis was the main cause. It seems that frost did not initiate or maintain the disease in the stand, but generally low temperatures may have been important. Discarded branches with the fungus have been left on the ground and have probably been important in maintaining a high level of attack.
Forfattere
Wim de Vries Gert Jan Reinds H.F. van Dobben D. de Zwart Dan Aamlid P. Neville M. Posch J. Auée J.C.H. Voogd E.M. VelSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Tore SkrøppaSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
Within ICP Forests, the question has arisen whether it is necessary to determine DOC or TOC in deposition. There are several possible reasons for doing so, which can be summarised under two headings: quality control and process studies.
Sammendrag
Determining the level of pathogenic fungi and other microorganisms during colonization of the host is central in phytopathological studies. A direct way to monitor fungal hyphae within the host is microscopic examination, but chitin and ergosterol-levels are commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of fungus present. Recently real-time PCR technology is being used to follow infection agents in host tissues. We study the molecular basis of host defense responses, using the coniferous host Norway spruce infected with the pathogen Heterobasidion parviporum as the experimental system. This basidiomycete and the closely related pathogen H. annosum are the major root rot causing pathogens in conifers. To screen host material for differential resistance towards H. parviporum, it is a necessity to quantify the fungal colonization of the host tissues. Therefore, we aimed to develop and compare the sensitivity of a real-time PCR to an ergosterol based method for determining the rate of colonization, and applied the methods to rank the infection level of the pathogen on the spruce clones 053 and 589. We developed a quantitative multiplex real-time PCR procedure that reliably detecting down to 1pg H. parviporum DNA and 1ng host DNA. There was a very high correlation between the fungal-biomass/total-biomass and fungal-DNA/total-DNA rankings obtained with ergosterol and real-time PCR, strengthening the credibility of both methods. Based on both ergosterol and real-time PCR, it was clear that the clone 053 was hosting more fungal biomass than clone 589. The results indicate that this real-time procedure can be a useful method to screen different spruce material for their relative resistance to the pathogen H. parviporum.