Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2009
Forfattere
Mekjell MelandSammendrag
The performance of 26 different cherry rootstocks (‘Hexaploid Colt"," Damil", ‘Tabel® Edabriz", ‘Gisela® (Gi) 3", ‘4", ‘5", ‘6", ‘7", ‘11", ‘Giessen (GI) 107/1", ‘148/13", ‘154/7" , ‘195/20", ‘318/17", ‘497/8", ‘523/02", ‘Weiroot (W) 10", ‘53", ‘158", ‘Maxma 14", ‘Maxma 60", ‘Maxma 97", ‘PHL-A", ‘PHL-B", ‘Piku®1"and ‘Piku® 3"), compared with ‘Colt" as a standard, for the cultivar ‘Lapins" (Prunus avium L), was assessed in a field trial in western Norway at 60° North. Trees, one-year-old whips, were planted in spring 1999; at 2.0 x 4.5 m spacing and trained to central leader as free spindle. Tree vigour, yield, fruit size, fruit quality and yield efficiency were evaluated for eight subsequent years. Tree sizes were significantly affected by the rootstocks after eight years growth. ‘Tabel®Edabriz", ‘Gi 3" and ‘Gi 4" produced the smallest and ‘Piku®3", ‘Colt"," Damil" and ‘Maxma 60" the largest trees as measured by trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA). The most vigourus rootstock had five times larger TCSA than the dwarfest rootstocks. ‘Piku®1" was the most productive rootstock for this cultivar with highest cumulative yield followed by ‘Colt", ‘Piku®3" and ‘Gi 523/02". Average yield per tree and per year during the first seven cropping years was 12 kg for ‘Piku®1". ‘Piku®1" and ‘Gi 5" induced early bearing. Trees on ‘Gi 5" and ‘Gi 6"were the most yield efficient. Fruit size became significantly affected by the different rootstocks. In average for the different cropping years many of the Gi number selections, ‘Colt", ‘Damil" and ‘Piku®1"all had a average fruit weight larger than 10 g per fruit. Fruit quality characterized by the content of soluble solids was in an average of 17.5 %. It was not influenced by crop load and did not differ much between trees on the various rootstocks. In conclusion, for high density production systems the most productive semi-vigorous rootstocks were ‘Colt"," Piku®3" and ‘Damil" and the semi-dwarf Piku®1", ‘Gi 5" and "Gi 6".
Forfattere
Annelene Pengerud Line Tau Strand Daniel P. Rasse Karin Knoth de ZarrukSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Peruskjellfrø tilhører den biologiske gruppen sommerettårige ugras. Planten har en greinet pålerot, og kan bli 20-80 cm høy. Stengelen er opprett, greinet, av og til med tre greiner fra samme bladfeste, og korthåret i toppen. Bladene er motsatte og rundtagget. De nederste er kortstilket, eggformet og tilspisset, de øvre er omtrent sittende, avlange og lansettformet. Planten har mange små prestekrageliknende korger. Frukten er en nøtt med fnokk, her representert som frynsete eller helt oppflisete skjell, og som i tørrvær brer seg ut som en fallskjerm, slik at fruktene fyker av gårde med vinden. Forekommer i åpen åker, på avfallsplasser og veikanter. Liker best leirjord, synes å tilpasse seg mange typer jordarter og fuktighetsforhold. Er varmekjær og ømfintlig for frost. Opptrer som ugras i alle slags åkerkulturer, og spesielt i byer, hage og gartnerier. Mindre brysom i Skandinavia. Stammer opprinnelig fra Peru i Sør-Amerika, og ble introdusert til botanisk hage i Madrid i 1790-årene. Kom til Norge i 1830. Kan bekjempes som andre sommerettårige ugrasarter.
Forfattere
Leif Sundheim Maria-Luz Herrero Trond Rafoss Brita Toppe May Bente Brurberg Trond Hofsvang Christer Magnusson Anne Marte Tronsmo Bjørn ØklandSammendrag
Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres, A.W.A.M. de Cook & W.A. Man in‘t Veld is a newly described Phytophthora-species which is considered to be relatively recently introduced to both USA and Europe from an unknown area, or areas, of origin. The pathogen has a wide host range and causes a complexity of disease symptoms generally grouped into three categories: canker, foliage lesion, and dieback. In Europe the pathogen has been reported in 21 countries, Norway included; predominantly on ornamental plants in nurseries, but also outside nurseries in gardens and semi-natural environment, most often on rhododendrons. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority needs a risk assessment of the pest as basis for an evaluation of a future phytosanitary risk management of P. ramorum, including whether the organism should be regulated as a quarantine pest in Norway. On this background the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, in a letter of 22nd August 2008, requested a pest risk assessment of P. ramorum from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM). The pest risk assessment was adopted by VKM"s Panel on plant health (Panel 9) on a meeting 24th June 2009. VKM"s Panel 9 gives the following main conclusions of the risk assessment: 1) P. ramorum is present but not widely distributed in Norway, and the pest is under official control. The outdoors surveys of P. ramorum in Norway have not been conducted systematically over the whole country, and some uncertainty therefore still remains regarding the current distribution of P. ramorum in the PRA area. 2) The overall probability of entry of P. ramorum into Norway and the overall probability of establishment of P. ramorum in Norway are both rated as high with low levels of uncertainty; 3) In the absence of statutory control the probability for P. ramorum to be spread quickly in the PRA area by trade of host plants for planting is rated as high. The uncertainty of this assessment is low; 4) The part of the PRA area where presence of P. ramorum might result in economically important losses (the endangered area) is assessed to be most of the country of Norway, except where the climate is predicted to be unfavourable for the pest. However, this area must be regarded as a maximum estimate for the endangered area. On the other hand, a narrow and very conservative estimate for the endangered area can be defined based on the geographical distribution of highly susceptible host plants in Norway. This area is gardens and parks with Rhododendron spp., Viburnum spp. and F. sylvatica and areas in the wild into which Rhododendron spp. has spread and woods with F. sylvatica. Woods with F. sylvatica is limited to the county of Vestfold and some small areas in the counties of Aust-Agder and Hordaland; 5) P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on the nurseries in the PRA area with current phytosanitary measures. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact on the nursery industry of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 6) With current phytosanitary measures P. ramorum is likely to have moderate economic impact on parks and private gardens in parts of the PRA area. Without any such regulations P. ramorum is likely to have major economic impact in the best climatic zones of the PRA area. The levels of uncertainties of these assessments are low; 7) The impact of P. ramorum in coniferous and mixed forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium. The impact of P. ramorum in natural and planted deciduous broadleaf forests of the PRA area is likely to be minor due to the scattered and limited distribution of the most susceptible species. The level of uncertainty of this assessment is medium; 8) The non-commercial and environmental consequences to natural environments in the PRA area are likely to be moderate. The level of uncertainty ...
Forfattere
Ole Martin Eklo Marit Almvik Jens Kværner Randi Bolli Tore Sveistrup Geir Tveiti Oddvar VigdalSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
Bioforsk Jord og miljø har i 2007 og 2008 fått midler over ”Handlingsplanen for Plantevernmidler” til å overvåke grunnvann for å kartlegge ”de viktigste grunnvannsressursene i Norge som potensielt kan være påvirket av sprøytemidler”. Her presenteres resultatene fra 2008, men resultatene fra 2007 er også sammenlignet.
Forfattere
Romanee Thongdara Marit Almvik Ole Martin Eklo Nina Svae Johansen Einar Nordhus Hans J. Overgaard Tubtim Limsoontorn Chomchid Imvitthaya Lal Samarakoon S.L. RanamukhaarachchiSammendrag
The Project "Demonstrating and Scaling-up Sustainable Alternatives to DDT and other Toxic Chemicals and Strengthening National Integrated Pest and Vector Management (IPVM) Capabilities in Asia" is a collaboration between the Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk) and Ministries of Health, Agriculture, and Environment in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam in close liaison with the World Health Organisation (WHO); the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); and the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO). The Project is funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs through Bioforsk and covers an 30-month period (April 2007-September 2009). Bioforsk coordinates activities on IPVM Needs Assessments in the three project countries. The aim of the project is to lay the foundation for establishing and demonstrating an integrated, intersectoral approach for controlling agricultural pests and disease vectors (i.e. IPVM). The project outcome is to complete a funding application in interaction with national partners, WHO, UNEP, and FAO. The application will be submitted to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and other donors to support a 5-year initiative to demonstrate and scale up sustainable alternatives to DDT, including IPVM, and to strengthen national vector control capabilities in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Target groups are farmers, women, children and consumers; national and local governments; local environmental groups, NGO"s, village associations, traders, scientists and students.The main concept of the project is that agricultural pests and vector-borne diseases often occur around the same areas. In such areas, intensive agricultural pesticide use may negatively affect vector control programs by increasing the potential for vector resistance development and reducing populations of beneficial natural enemies. This may lead to more frequent use of insecticides for vector control, and to greater use or even re-introduction of persistent, cheap POPs insecticides such as DDT. Furthermore, the project aims to develop and test integrated intersectoral approaches to control both agricultural pests and disease vectors. This report is a result of activities conducted within the framework of the project.
Forfattere
Dinh Duong Nguyen Mai Phuong Nguyen Van Anh Le Le Thu Ho Anh Tuan Tran Kim Anh Nguyen Marit Almvik Ole Martin Eklo Nina Svae Johansen Einar Nordhus Hans J. OvergaardSammendrag
Prosjektet "Demonstrating and Scaling-up Sustainable Alternatives to DDT and other Toxic Chemicals and Strengthening National Integrated Pest and Vector Management (IPVM) Capabilities in Asia" er et samarbeid mellom Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk) og Ministeriene innen Helse, jordbruk og miljø i Sri Lanka, Thailand, og Vietnam in nært samarbeid med World Health Organisation (WHO); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); og Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO).Prosjektet har vært finansiert av Det kongelig Norske Utenriksdepartement, via regionkontoret I Bangkok gjennom Bioforsk og dekker en periode på 30 måneder (April 2007-September 2009). Bioforsk har koordinert aktiviteter innen Integrert plantevern (IPM) og integrert vektorkontroll(IVM) tilsammen (IPVM-Needs Assessments) i de tre prosjektlandene Thailand, Vietnam og SriLanka.Formålet med prosjektet har vært å legge grunnlaget for å etablere og demonstrere en integrert intersektoriell tilnærming for å kontrollere skadegjørere i jordbruk og sykdom innen helse. (IPVM). Prosjektet skal ende opp med en prosjektsøknad I samarbeid med nasjonale partnere, WHO, UNEP, and FAO. Søknaden vil bli sendt til Global Environment Facility (GEF) og andre donorer for å støtte et 5 årig prosjekt initiativ for å demonstrere å skalere opp bærekraftige alternativer til DDT, inkludert IPVM for å styrke nasjonal vektorkontroll i Sørøst Asia. Målgrupper er bønder, kvinner, barn og forbrukere, nasjonale og lokale forvaltning; lokale miljøgrupper, NGO-er, forhandlere, forskere og studenter.Hovedkonseptet med prosjektet er at skadeinsekter i jordbruk og sykdomsbærende insekter (mygg som sprer malaria og dengui) ofte forekommer I de samme områdene. Slike områder med intensivt jordbruk og bruk av kjemiske plantevernmidler kan påvirke kontroll av sykdomsbærende insekter ved økt risiko for resistens samtidig som nytteorganismene avtar. Dette kan medføre mer bruk av kjemiske insektmidler for å kontrollere sykdomsbærende organismer og reintroduksjon av persistente, billige POPs insektmidler som for eksempel DDT. Videre har prosjektet som mål å utvikler tversektorielt samarbeid for å kontrollere skadeinsekter innen jordbruk og sykdomsbærende insekter.Denne rapporten er et resultat av aktiviteter gjennomført innen prosjektets rammer.
Forfattere
Yibrah Beyene Trond Hofsvang Ferdu AzerefegneSammendrag
Fenologien og migrasjon hos den plantespisende marihønen Chnootriba similis ble undersøkt i Etiopia i årene 2003-2005 langs to elver og i byggåkre 2004-2005. Arten overlever i tørkeperioder langs elvene som voksne i diapause som avsluttes ca. midt i januar. De migrerer til åkre i mars - april. Opphøret av diapause og migrasjon påvirkes av nedbør. Det er to generasjoner i året. Voksne fra den andre generasjonen migrerer til elvene i september - oktober. Arten er først og fremst et skadedyr på unge planter.
Forfattere
Abdelhameed ElameenSammendrag
Abstract Germplasm characterization is an important component contributing to the effective management of plant genetic resources. The goal of this thesis was to study the genetic diversity of two models of vegetatively propagated plant species; roseroot (Rhodiola rosea L.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam), based on germplasm collections. Roseroot was recently collected from natural habitats and then vegetatively propagated at the germplasm centre while sweet potato already has a long tradition as a vegetatively propagated food species. I. Roseroot (Rhodiola rosea) Roseroot, R. rosea, also commonly known as golden root or arctic root, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Crassulaceae family. R. rosea has its origin from the cold, humid regions of the northern hemisphere and grows mostly in the mountains near the snow border. R. rosea is widely distributed in Norway. As part of an effort to identify commercially valuable genotypes characterization of a germplasm collection from Norway was initiated. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to estimate genetic diversity within the Norwegian R. rosea germplasm collection. AFLP analysis of 97 R. rosea clones using five primer combinations gave a total of 109 polymorphic bands. A large molecular marker variation was found among roseroot clones in Norway with an average percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) of 82.3%. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a significantly greater variation within regions (92.03%) than among regions (7.97%) demonstrating that there was no close genetic similarity among clones originating from the same county. A low level of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.043) was observed, indicating a high level of gene flow, which had a strong influence on the genetic structure in Norway. Our results indicate high gene flow among R. rosea clones that might be a result of seed dispersal rather than cross-pollination. Ninety five clones of the Norwegian roseroot germplasm collection were analysed and quantified for their content of the bioactive compounds rosavin, salidroside, rosin, cinnamyl alcohol and tyrosol using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. All bioactive compounds were detected in all clones but in highly variable quantities. The frequency distribution of the chemical content of each clone was not correlated with geographic region of origin or gender of the plant. Significant correlations between the content of these bioactive compounds were observed within individual roseroot clones. Low and nonsignificant correlations were found between AFLP markers used to study genetic diversity of the roseroot clones and their content of chemical compounds. The maximum content of rosavin, rosin and salidroside observed were substantially higher than previously reported for roseroot plants, and the roseroot clones characterized in this study might therefore be of high pharmacological value. The large quantitative and qualitative variation of the chemical compounds observed in this study and the large genetic diversity observed in this germplasm constitute a firm basis for improving traits such as chemical composition in a breeding program for roseroot. This is the first report that combines the analysis of genetic diversity with information of the chemical composition of roseroot. Further studies of the roseroot populations from Norway as well as from other countries should be performed throughout the following years to identify clones with optimal chemical compositions and to maintain high genetic diversity of this species. II. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) Sweet potato has its origin in South America and is the 7th most important crop in the world. A Tanzanian sweet potato germplasm collection was characterized using molecular markers and morphological traits. The AFLP method was used to study the genetic diversity and relationships of sweet potato accessions in the germplasm collection ..