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1997

Sammendrag

Chenopodium album is a world wide-distributed plant species growing in disturbed habitats. It is an abundant and very competitive weed in spring-sown crops, particulary if they retain an open structure for relatively long period. In most crops it is currently controlled by herbicides. In some crops, such as maize, chemical contgrol i dificukt, becauce C. album has become resistant to these herbicides. In other crops, such as sugar beet, the use of herbicides could be reduced conciderably i selektiv control of C.album were possible. Recent  experiments using the fungus Ascochyta caulina as a microbila hebicide to control C. album are encouraging ( up to 70% control under field conditions). Within the framework of a COST action on biological control of Weeds i Europe, five countries have cooperated in developing a biological cntrol method for C. album. To integrate the biological control of C. album in existing weed management systems is one of the remaining challenges. 

Sammendrag

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Sammendrag

We investigated birth defects (N = 4,565) reported to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway among 192,417 births between 1967 and 1991 to parents identified as farmers in five agricultural and horticultural censuses between 1969 and 1989. The prevalences at birth of all and specific birth defects deviated little from those among 61,351 births to non-farmers in agricultural municipalities. We classified exposure indicators on the basis of information provided at the agricultural censuses. The main hypotheses were that parental exposure to pesticides was associated with defects of the central nervous system, orofacial clefts, some male genital defects, and limb reduction defects. We found moderate increases in risk for spina bifida and hydrocephaly, the associations being strongest for exposure to pesticides in orchards or greenhouses [spina bifida: 5 exposed cases, odds ratio (OR) = 2.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–7.13; hydrocephaly: 5 exposed cases, OR = 3.49, 95% CI = 1.34–9.09]. Exposure to pesticides, in particular in grain farming, was also associated with limb reduction defects (OR = 2.50; 95% CI = 1.06–5.90). We also saw an association with pesticides for cryptorchism and hypospadias. We found less striking associations for other specific defects and pesticide indicators, animal farming, and fertilizer regimens.