Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2024
Forfattere
Elise Lyng MonssenSammendrag
Wildlife-train collisions are a widespread issue, leading to significant costs to society, reduced animal welfare and potential impacts on species' population sizes. Understanding how ungulates respond to oncoming trains and what affects their detectability is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. Building upon the work of Bhardwaj et al. (2022), this study investigates how various factors influence flight behaviour in fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and moose (Alces alces), as well as wildlife detection from the train driver's perspective. By utilizing films from driver-activated scare systems (DASS) mounted on the front windshield of trains on Norwegian and Swedish railways, this study offers insights into both wildlife reactions and the viewpoints of train drivers. Based on approximately 1000 observations of ungulates, each individual encounter with trains was analysed in relation to railway features, train speed, the train driver’s use of typhoon warning, the ungulates’ location within the terrain and biotic and abiotic factors in the surrounding landscape of the railway. Detection distance and flight initiation distance (FID) was calculated based on the video footage. The results showed that with increasing distance from the railway tracks, ungulates in total were less likely to flee from an approaching train and more likely to increase their FID. Generally, there was a higher probability of flight when the typhoon was used to warn the ungulates, but the effect of this signal was not significant in any of the separate analyses on each species alone. There was also a higher likelihood of flight during dusk/dawn. Flight behaviour of fallow deer was significantly influenced by herd size, with a greater likelihood of flight in smaller groups separated from a large herd. In contrast to roe deer and fallow deer, moose were significantly affected by train speed, with flight likelihood and FID decreasing with increasing speed. All species showed a significantly higher probability of flight across track with closer distance to the track, and in areas where the rail embankment was covered by vegetation with exception of roe deer. Additionally, ungulates in total had a higher probability of an early flight, before detected by the train driver, when visibility was obstructed by vegetation, terrain and curvature of the railway. Lastly, detection distance from the train driver’s perspective was significantly obstructed by vegetation along the railroad embankment. Further studies are suggested on a warning system that could be activated before the animals are detected by the train driver to increase animals’ FID, alongside the implementation of night vision cameras for improved detection of animals during nocturnal hours.
Forfattere
Lars Sandved DalenSammendrag
En viktig del av vårt samfunnsoppdrag er å kommunisere vår kunnskap og delta i samfunnsdebatten. Kronikken er et godt verktøy. Forfatteren er fagperson som bidrar med sin fagkunnskap. En levende og åpen samfunnsdebatt krever at dokumentasjon og oppdatert kunnskap blir gjort tilgjengelig for allmennheten. Og fagpersoner bør delta – med sin kunnskap og fakta. Kunnskap og fakta har imidlertid i flere sammenhenger kommet i miskreditt (fake news, klimadebatten), og det vil være av stor betydning at fagpersoner og forskere evner å nå frem med sin kunnskap til landets innbyggere. Bli bedre til å skrive og formidle forskningen din. Kommunikasjonsrådgiver Lars Sandved Dalen ved NIBIO har siden 2010 hjulpet forskere og fagpersoner med å få over 100 kronikker og debattinnlegg på trykk i norske aviser. I 2023 fullførte han det nyopprettede, fireårige deltidsstudiet i journalistikk og sakprosa ved Institutt for journalistikk og mediefag, OsloMet, med en masteroppgave om kronikken som sjanger. Sammen med forfatter og journalist Dag Kullerud skal Lars Sandved Dalen skrive en lærebok/håndbok om kronikken. Foredraget gir et unikt innblikk i kronikkens utvikling fra den danske avisa Politikens første kronikk i mai 1905 til dagens debattjournalistikk - med er særlig blikk på utviklingen de siste 50 år i de norske avisene Aftenposten, Dagbladet og VG. I tillegg får du de beste kronikkskrivetipsene fra Norges fremste debattredaktører - blant annet Erik Tornes i Aftenposten, Hans Petter Sjøli i VG, Tollef Mjaugedal i Klassekampen, Vidar Ivarsen i Dagens Næringsliv og Trønderdebatts Snorre Valen - og spesialoppfølging slik at nettopp du får din tekst på trykk akkurat der du ønsker.
Forfattere
Lars Sandved DalenSammendrag
Kursholder er kommunikasjonsrådgiver Lars Sandved Dalen ved NIBIO. Han har siden 2010 hjulpet forskere og fagpersoner med å få over 100 kronikker og debattinnlegg på trykk i norske aviser.
Forfattere
Hanna Ellisiv KringstadSammendrag
Potato haulm killing is a prevalent practice in the global potato production to ease vine management, aid tuber maturation and remove late blight inoculum. EU’s ban of the herbicide diquat (e.g. in the product Reglone) to kill potato haulm, has left the producers and scientists in need to find alternative measures. Five different doses of hot water were tested in combination with mechanical haulm flailing, to study their ability to kill potato haulm in an open field in Innlandet, Norway. Remaining fresh stem and leaves, and number of plants with regrowth, were observed visually 7 times over 21 days following the hot water treatment. There were found significant differences in fresh leaves and stem over time when comparing mechanically flailed plants to the naturally senesced counterparts, but no added effect in senescence was found by adding any of the doses of hot water. Quality analysis of the harvested tubers considering yield, size distribution, green tubers, abrasion injury and disease, found no effect of the different treatments on any of the quality parameters.
Forfattere
Helene Leirset TysdalSammendrag
In a world with war, hunger and increasing expenses, food production is an important aspect. Every country has a need and a responcibility to be able to produce enough food for its own people. Wheat is an important crop that can contribute to increased self sufficiency in Norway. The Norwegian milling industry largely controls the proportion of domestic wheat to be used for milling. Because of that they have imported a lot of the wheat needed to produce flour in the past. In the cases where Norwegian wheat have been used, it has mostly been spring wheat. Winter wheat has a high yield potential, and can ve important to utilize to achive goals for increased self-sufficienct fot the Norwegian agriculture, but more research is required to meet the milling industries requirements. Winter wheat production may be an important step in this process. This master thesis aimes to reachers how split nitrogen fertilication affects yield components and protein in the grain. As well as how N-sensor measurments at heading and flowering can be an effective tool to guide the farmers. Five fertilization strategies, four locations and tre variaties was used to reachers the effect of split nitrogen fertlization. Each location had three repetitions and every repition included every possible combination of fertilization strategy and variaty. Plant nitrogen level was monitored during the growing season to predict the protein content at harvest. The results showed that for protein percentage, the fertilization regiment is the most important aspect, hereunder total nitrogen content and the distributio between the different applications. Giving 8 kg of nitrogen at the first application and 6 kg of nitrogen at the second application gave a significantly higher protein content compered to giving 14 kg of nitrogen at the first application and nothing at the second. To get a higher yield the most important aspect is the winter wheat variety and Kuban gave a significantly higher yield than Bernstein and Ellvis. N-sensor measurments and measurments of the real nitrogen uptake was done at heading and flowering. The N-sensor measurmetns underestimated the nitrogenuptake especially in field with drought. Regression analysis found that 2/3 of the observed variation could be explained by the model at z49 and z65. More research and a bigger dataset is thereby needed to get a better model.
Forfattere
Erlend Podhorny ØklandSammendrag
Denne masteroppgaven består av en teoridel og en forsøksdel med egne undersøkelser. Teoridelen tar for seg temaer relatert til grovfôr og drøvtyggerernæring. Grovfôr består av ulike fraksjoner, deriblant strukturelle karbohydrater som hemicellulose og cellulose. Disse kan fordøyes av drøvtyggere gjennom fermentering i formagene, hvor mikrober bryter karbohydratene ned til flyktige fettsyrer. Grovfôr kan konserveres gjennom ensilering, hvor melkesyrebakterier fermenterer sukker i graset til melkesyre, som senker pH og gjør fôret lagringsstabilt. For å øke sannsynligheten for vellykket ensilering kan ensileringsmidler tilsettes, deriblant fibrolytiske enzymer som bryter ned hemicellulose og cellulose. Målet med fibrolytiske enzymer er å frigjøre sukker til melkesyrebakterier, i tillegg til å øke fordøyeligheten av grovfôret. Forsøksdelen er utformet som en artikkel, hvor formålet var å undersøke effekten av maursyre og fibrolytiske enzymer på fordøyelighet av ensilert gras. Timotei (Phleum pratense) ble høstet ved et sent utviklingstrinn og behandlet med maursyre og/eller enzymer før ensilering. Enzymene som ble testet var hemicellulase, cellulase, Cellic CTec2 og laccase. Etter ensilering ble fordøyelighet av tørrstoff (TS), organisk stoff (OS) og nøytralløselig fiber (NDF) undersøkt med ANKOM DaisyII inkubator. Fordøyelighet av NDF ble beregnet både som tap av native NDF (NDF som er analysert for hver enkel behandling) og som tap av totalt NDF basert på ubehandlet surfôr (“originalt” innhold av NDF i ubehandlet surfôr ble brukt som basis for forsvinningsgrad) for å ta hensyn til NDF som ble nedbrutt under ensilering. Innhold av NDF var signifikant (p<0.05) lavere for behandlinger med enzymer, enn behandlinger uten enzymer. Selv om maursyre ikke reduserte NDF signifikant, var det nær en trend (p=0.1003). Fordøyelighet av TS og OS økte signifikant (p<0.05) både ved bruk av enzymer og maursyre. Enzymer reduserte den potensielt nedbrytbare fraksjonen av TS og OS og økte den løselige fraksjonen, begge signifikant (p<0.05). Fordøyelighet av native NDF ble redusert (p<0.05) ved bruk av enzymer, men fordøyelighet av total NDF ble økt (p<0.05). Maursyre reduserte ufordøyelig NDF signifikant (p<0.05) for native NDF og total NDF sammenlignet med hvis maursyre ikke ble brukt. Forsøket som helhet bekreftet hypotesen om at bruk av enzymer og maursyre kan øke fordøyeligheten av grovfôr.
Forfattere
Emma SkogstadSammendrag
In cereal production plant pathogens cause yield losses, and management strategies for controlling them are important. Cover crops as a part of the cereal production have beneficial properties for the soil health, can increase the biological diversity in the fields, and the soil structure can be improved, additionally cover crops can reduce soil erosion. Therefore, this thesis argues that implementing cruciferous plants as part of the cover crops have the potential to reduce plant pathogens. Cruciferous plants used as cover crops have shown to reduce plant pathogens survival both in laboratory and field plots. The suppression is due to the volatile glucosinolate (GLS) and isothiocyanate (ITC) content cruciferous plants. As a part of a project at NIBIO Ås, an in vitro experiment with allyl ITC were done to look at the effect on survival of Heterodera avenae, Fusarium graminearum and Microdochium nivale, with increasing allyl ITC concentration. Also, a closed jar experiment was conducted to look at the effects of cruciferous plants on suppression of survival of Heterodera avenae and Fusarium graminearum. The aim of the in vitro experiment was to see at which concentrations of allyl ITC that suppressed fungal growth of F. graminearum and M. nivale and hatching of the cereal cyst nematode H. avenae. The EC50-values of the F. graminearum isolates 200 630, 201 196 and 202 058, were 6.36, 9.50 and 7.62 mg/L respectively. EC50-values of M. nivale isolates 200 136, 200 231 and 202 786, were 8.60, 10.83 and 10.27 mg/L respectively. For H. avenae, the EC50-value was at 5.66 mg/L. This demonstrates a differentiation of EC50-values between nematodes and fungi, but also between fungal species and fungal isolates. A closed jar experiment was conducted to see if incorporation of cruciferous plants in soil may affect the survival of H. avenae and F. graminearum. Two different time exposures in jars with either two or eight weeks of exposure in jars, were performed. After treatments in jars, the cysts were given either a diapause or no diapause treatment. The total number of eggs and J2 were significantly lower for cysts exposed for eight weeks in jars compared to two weeks, but the total number of eggs and J2 were almost equal for diapause and no diapause. The number of hatched J2 (15°C) for cysts with diapause treatment had significantly higher number of J2 than no diapause treatment. Also, the number of hatched J2 were significantly higher for two weeks exposure in jars compared to eight weeks. The mycelial growth from F. graminearum on oat spikelet incorporated in soil with plant material was not different from untreated.
Forfattere
Maria KorkouSammendrag
PhD thesis in City and regional planning
Forfattere
Islam, Md ShaidSammendrag
Begonias, known for their ornamental value in shade gardens, are highly susceptible to viral infections, which not only deform the plants themselves but also pose a risk of spreading to adjacent cropping plants. This susceptibility underscores the importance of understanding the viral pathogens affecting begonias, especially considering their role as hosts for aphids that can transmit these viruses to economically significant crops. In this study, an initial examination was conducted on 10 begonia specimens from university and NIBIO greenhouse, which exhibited symptoms indicative of viral infection. Through a molecular screening process involving RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and RT-PCR using virus-specific primers, a mixed infection involving Kalanchoe mosaic virus (KMV), an unidentified polerovirus, and Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV) was confirmed. To further understand the etiology and transmission patterns of these viruses, as well as their individual effects on host plants, it was essential to isolate and subsequently reinfect begonia and other test plants with each virus separately. Different inoculation methods, such as sap inoculation, grafting, and aphid transmission, were employed to evaluate their effectiveness in virus transmission. Our results demonstrated successful single virus infections of KMV and BBWV through sap and grafting inoculations. However, attempts at polerovirus transmission with all the methods were unsuccessful. Moreover, aphid transmission using the green peach aphid proved unsuccessful to transfer any virus. Interestingly, the study unexpectedly found that the greenhouse potato aphid could carry the KMV virus to previously uninfected begonias, revealing a new vector that might transmit these viruses. The study discovered that using sap inoculation, especially through the roots, is an effective way to introduce viruses into begonias. This method successfully bypasses the issues caused by the plant's thick, acidic leaf sap. Additionally, a new buffer solution was created, greatly improving the success of sap inoculation for BBWV in both begonia isolates and other samples. This research provides critical insights into the transmission dynamics and management of viral infections in begonias, contributing to the broader understanding of plant-virus interactions and the development of effective control measures.
Forfattere
Helga Iselin Wåseth Jamal Safi Tore Krok Nielsen Ulrike Bayr Nina Johansen Erling Fjeldaas Terje ChristensenSammendrag
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