Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2012
Sammendrag
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of increasing the number of ewes per nipple drinker on water intake, feed intake and drinking behaviour of ewes. A group of 30 1¾ year old, pregnant ewes of the Norwegian Dala breed were exposed to three treatments, each treatment lasting one week: 7.5 ewes per nipple drinker (N7.5: four nipple drinkers), 15 ewes per nipple drinker (N15: two nipple drinkers) and 30 ewes peer nipple drinker (N30: one nipple drinker). The experiment was performed both in January (week 4–6, replicate 1) and replicated in April (week 13–15, replicate 2). The ewes were kept in insulated building and had free access to good quality hay. Water metres were connected to the pipeline for water supply and water wastage was collected and weighed. In addition, the daily intake of hay was recorded and the ewes were video recorded the three last days of each experimental period. Total drinking time per individual was calculated from observations of drinking behaviour from the video, as were also incidents of queuing and displacements. Both water and feed intake was higher in replicate 2 than in replicate 1. Increasing the number of individuals per nipple drinker had no effect on water intake in replicate 1, whereas in replicate 2 the water intake was (mean±SE) 3.5±0.3; 4.2±0.1 and 4.9±0.1 l/ewe and day in the treatments N7.5, N15 and N30, respectively (P<0.05). Regardless of replicate, the time spent drinking increased significantly when number of ewes per nipple drinker increased. Queuing was not affected by increasing the number of ewes per nipple drinker. In replicate 1 the number of displacements increased significantly when the number of individuals per nipple drinker increased (N7.5=7.6±1.7; N15=15.0±4.2 and N30=36.7±5.2; P<0.05) and the same trend could be seen in replicate 2, although not significant. In conclusion, one nipple drinker with an acceptable flow rate can serve up to 30 ewes without negatively affecting water and feed intake
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
2011
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
grete h m jørgensen Knut Egil BøeSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
grete h m jørgensen Knut Egil BøeSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Knut Egil Bøe Knut Egil BøeSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
grete h m jørgensen Knut Egil BøeSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
grete h m jørgensen Knut Egil BøeSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Inger Lise Andersen Knut Egil Bøe Øystein Holand grete h m jørgensenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
grete h m jørgensenSammendrag
Paddock size and enrichment - the effects on horse behavior Grete H.M. Jørgensen1 and Knut E. Bøe2 1Bioforsk Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, 8860 Tjøtta 2Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, UMB, 1430 ås Corresponding author: +47 40 76 67 69 e-mail grete.jorgensen@bioforsk.no New regulations for horse keeping in 2005 suggested a paddock size of at least 300 m2 per horse and that every horse should have at least 2 hours turnout per day. Some of this time could however be replaced with forced exercise if the horse was kept in a box and not in a tie-stall. Whether this paddock size is large enough and how exercise affects horse behavior and activity during turnout has not been studied in detail. Horses are very motivated for social contact and several stereotypic behaviours like waving and pacing could be related to frustration and the wish for contact with conspecifics. Many commercial products for environmental enrichments are now available, both with the aim to reduce boredom and to keep horses occupied in harmless activities when kept individually. How horses use such "toys" is however scarcely studied. We performed several studies to investigate issues related to paddocks and turnout. Our results show that horses were more active in large paddocks (10 x 45m), spending less time standing and more time walking, exploring and eating grass from under the fence than in small (10 x 15m) and medium sized paddocks (10 x 30m). Horses in the large paddocks also travelled a longer distance than in the small and medium paddock size. When kept in individual paddocks, the dominating behaviours during turnout were standing (51.5% of tot obs) and eating grass from under the fence (27.1%). Horses that were exercised daily for 45 minutes in a walking pace became more passive, spending more time standing (52.9%) and less time walking (5.1%) during turnout, compared to when not exercised (standing: 44.4%; walking: 9.2%). When kept in groups the same horses spent only 5.3% of their time standing and 74.4% of their time eating grass from under the fence. This is probably an effect of social facilitation. Very few incidents of aggressive interactions were recorded when the horses were kept in social groups, but bouts of social grooming were observed. The items that were edible (straw, ball filled with concentrates, branches) received the most attention from the horses regardless of being kept individually or in groups. Straw and a ball filled with concentrates were the most popular items. Peat, a plastic ball and a cone were investigated less than 0.5% of total observations. A scratching pole was used (1.7 - 2.2% of tot obs), but due to horses using it in rather short intervals, it was difficult to catch all events with our recording methods. The ability to eat grass was more important for reducing passive standing than the access to items, both for horses kept individually (correlation between eating grass and passive standing R=-0.97; P