Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2010
Forfattere
Bjørn FrantzenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Inger MartinussenSammendrag
Bioprospecting covers commercial purpose research and development, building on use of natural occurring compounds, all the way from first discovery, over patenting, benchmarking, improvement, development and commercialization.
Sammendrag
Two female and two male cultivars have previously been released as a result of clone evaluation at Bioforsk Nord Holt. Selection criteria have been number of pistils or stamens per flower, number of flowers and number of shoots per m2. Currently a new group of clones are evaluated with the aim of finding new cultivars for release. The clones are collected from different parts of Norway, as well as from England and Spitsbergen. Preliminary results from harvesting 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 indicate good production potential for some of the tested clones. In addition to prior selection criteria based on berry yield, the levels of total anthocyanins and total phenols have been analyzed. This includes studies on the role of female clone, male pollinator and temperature on berry quality.
Forfattere
Inger MartinussenSammendrag
Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) is a dioecious perennial plant of the Rosaceae family with a circumpolar distribution. cloudberry fruit consist of up to about 30 drupes, each with a single seed, covered by a hard endocarp. The ripe berry is orange or yellow, soft and high in vitamin C. both the ratio of female plants, number of pollinating insects and fruit development is much influenced by climatic factors causing large variation in annual yields. cloudberry is mainly collected from natural stands, but there is an increased interest in cultivation and commercial cultivation tecchniques. Cultivation and plant breeing on cloudberry have been carried out for several years at Bioforsk nord, and has resulted in the release of four commercial varieties, including two male (Apollen and Apollto) and two female (Fjellgull and Fjordgull) varieties. These varieties have been selected for increased productivity by using profuse flowering, berry size and shooting capacity as criterions. In addition, the female varieties have been selected for the number of pistils per flower and the male varieties by the number of stamens per flower. Currently a new group of clones are evaluated with the aim of finding new cultivars for release. The clones are collected from different parts of Norway, as well as from England and Spitsbergen. Preliminary results from harvesting 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 indicate good production potential for some of the tested clones. There are two main aproaches for cloudberry cultivation; exploitation of natural cloudberry stands and the second is based on planting of improved plant material. Both approaches require fertilization and soil cultivation. Methods for propagation of material have been developed as well as a guide for greenhouse production of cloudberries. Recently attempts to cultivate natural stands of European blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) have been initiated. The fields are both on forest soil and on cultivated soil and are situated in North- Mid- and South-Norway.
Sammendrag
Examination of European blueberry (EB) populations from different latitudes in Norway revealed differences in growth, fruit yield and fruit quality. Two northern and two southern clones of EB (from between 61-69 degrees N) were grown at 12 degrees C and 18 degrees under shourt (12 h) and long (24 h) days. The northern clones were able to grow rapidly at reasonable low temperatures when given 24 hour light, while the southern clones seemed to be adapted to shorter days and were not able to use the 24 h light efficiently. In the field EB tended to grow longer shoots in 2009 at intermediate fertilization in half-cultivated forest fields fertilized in 2008 and 2009, while shoot number was not influenced by fertilization. Berry size and fruit yield in forest fields was not influenced by fertilization neither in 2008 nor in 2009. However, there were differences in yield between locations in both years and between soil conditions in 2008. Fertilized seedlings sawn in March 2008 and planted on farm land in July the same year, grew larger plants in 2009 compared with no fertilization, but developed no flowers. Content of sugar, anthocyanins, total phenols, and antioxidants was higher in Mid- and North- Norway compared to samples from the south, in 2008. Fruit quality parameters changed from early to late harvest in the ripening period (only samples from South Norway). Sugar content was highest at the early maturation stage, while anthocyanin levels were highest in the mid-harvest period and then declined. Antioxidant levels increased at later harvest dates, and data was clearly correlated with total phenol content but not with anthocyanins. Berries produced at 12 degrees had significantly higher % sugars (sucrose, fructose and glucose), phenolic acids and total phenols than berries produced at 18 degrees.
Forfattere
Jens Rohloff Inger Martinussen Eivind Uleberg Olavi Junttila A Hohtola Laura Jaakola Hely HäggmanSammendrag
The fruit quality of European blueberry (EB) is mainly determined by taste compounds (sugars, acids, flavour) and health-beneficial structures generally denoted as antioxidants (vitamin C, phenolic acids, flavonols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins). Content and compound composition is strongly affected by the growth environment regarding light, temperature, water and edaphic factors. In order to assess genotypic relationships (northern and southern clones of EB) and environmental impact (temperature, day length) on berry quality parameters, a high-throughput system for blueberry metabolite profiling of nutritional compounds was established based on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Dried methanol/H2O extracts from fresh-frozen berry tissue were derivatized, and subjected to GC/MS in order to detect polar compounds such as organic acids from Krebs-cycle, amino acids, sugars, polyols, and partly secondary metabolites (phenols, flavonoids). In addition, general quality parameters such as total phenols, total anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) were measured. Fructose (5 g), glucose (5 g), and sucrose (0.5 g/ 100 g f.w. at average) were the most abundant carbohydrates, together with high levels of organic acids such as citric acid (1.3 g), quinic acid (1.6 g), and malic acid (0.3 g/ 100 g f.w. at average). More than 50 metabolites per sample (identified compounds and not-annotated mass spectral tags) could be detected, and established the basis for multivariate statistics using principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and metabolite network analysis. Genotypic differences, modulation of metabolite pools and biosynthetic relationships are being discussed in-depth
Sammendrag
Two female and two male cultivars have previously been released as a result of clone evaluation at Bioforsk Nord Holt. Selection criteria have been number of pistils or stamens per flower, number of flowers and number of shoots per m2. Currently a new group of clones are evaluated with the aim of finding new cultivars for release. The clones are collected from different parts of Norway, as well as from England and Spitsbergen. Preliminary results from harvesting 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 indicate good production potential for a couple of the tested clones. In addition to prior selection criteria based on berry yield, the levels of total anthocyanins and total phenols have been analyzed. This includes studies on the role of female clone, male pollinator and temperature on berry quality.
Forfattere
Christer MagnussonSammendrag
The recent spread of pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Europe is a concern to Nordic countries. Since PWN may exist in trees free of symptoms its distribution becomes unclear. Commodities like pulpwood, particle wood (PW) and wood packaging material (WPM) could have hidden infections. Pulpwood offers obvious risks of transmission due to a possible presence of both PWN and its vectors (Monochamus spp.). Generally, PW is considered to pose a low theoretical risk due to absence of vectors, and WPM no risk if heat treated. Transmission of PWN from infested wood to trees has been demonstrated, and a recurrent use of PW on sports tracks may during one forest cycle result in transmission. PWN can survive for long periods in wood, and reported limited heat treatment capacities indicate that infested WPM already may circulate within the EU. In the Nordic region, pallet wood is a popular fuel and is stored at summer houses where direct contact with trees could cause transmission. In Nordic locations establishment of PWN is expected to cause damage only in hot summers. Even in a warmer climate the damage at least in a 50 yrs perspective is expected to be small, but costs of nematode control will be very high. In a short perspective effects on Nordic exports are small, but in a longer perspective new outbreaks of pine wilt disease in Europe could change export markets. Key Words: Pinewood nematode, Europe, trade risks, Nordic region
Forfattere
Christer MagnussonSammendrag
The spread of the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Europe is a threat to 36 million ha Nordic coniferous forests. In spite of a strict phytosanitary regulation of wood imports, the volumes and an unclear distribution of PWN could result in an introduction into the Nordic region. In the present climate expression of pine wilt disease is expected only in hot summers. Hence, the detection of PWN in the Nordic area is likely to remain unnoticed for a considerable period of time. In Fennoscandia more than 9000 samples have been analyzed from risk areas and risk commodities. The focus often has been on the breeding substrate of the vector insects in the genus Monochamus. A recent study on a simulated introduction in Norway (Økland et al in print) indicates that 14 years may elapse before detection by the present level of 400 samples annually. It was demonstrated that an earlier detection of PWN provided by an annual sample volume of 10 000 samples would still not be sufficient for successful eradication of PWN by 3 km radius clear-cuts. So, large sampling volumes and strict import regulations for PWN are highly important for the Nordic area. Økland, B.O. Skarpaas, M. Schroeder, C. Magnusson, Å. Lindelöw & K. Thunes 2010. Is Eradication of the Pinewood Nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) Likely? An Evaluation of Current Contingency Plans. Risk Analysis in print Key Words: Pinewood nematode, Nordic area, sampling, eradication, regulation
Forfattere
Christer MagnussonSammendrag
S.radicicola is a parasite of barley and grasses like Poa annua and P.pratensis. The life cycle of a Norwegian population of S.radicicola (Poa-race) is studied in the laboratory by inoculating newly germinated P.annua (cv. Leif) with 140 juveniles from field collected galls and keeping the plants at 25˚C and 16 hrs light period. Juvenile stages are separated based on genital development. The first stage (J1) has 1 cell, while the following stages J2, J3 and J4 has 2, 3 and 4 (or more) cells in their genital primordia. J1 (L = 310-350μm) moults in the egg and J2 (L = 330-400μm) is the hatching stage. Nematodes emigrating from field collected galls were all J3:s (L = 360-430μm), and moulted outside the gall to J4 (L = 210-500μm). The first stage to appear in newly formed galls is large J4 (L=500-870 μm), which moults within 5 days to adult (L=820-1980 μm). Egg-laying starts within 13 days and eggs hatch after 22 days. Juvenile development in eggs starts at 5˚C, and 640 degree days are required for completing one generation corresponding to about 30 days at 25˚C. This means that in Norway S.radicicola may have up to 3 generations per year. The fact that J3 exit the galls and the large J4 is the first stage present in newly formed galls makes us speculate that the induction of gall formation occurs from outside by pre-infective J4, which later infects and develop inside the gall. Key Words: Root gall nematode, Subanguina radicicola, Poa annua, life cycle, Norway