Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2008
Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Rune Slimestad Torgils Fossen Michel J. VerheulSammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Sammendrag
In European forests, standings stocks are currently increasing and are higher than ever during the last decades. This is due to a multitude of reasons; human impacts such as reduced logging or the abandonment of agricultural land are clearly among them. However, data from intensive monitoring plots reveal an increased growth even in the absence of direct human intervention. For this study, we used a set of 363 such plots from 16 European countries, which are a subset of the ICP-Forests Level II plots, and are typically rectangular areas with a size of 0.25 ha. We investigated the influence of environmental factors on forest growth. In particular, the role of nitrogen, sulphur and acid deposition, temperature, precipitation and drought was elucidated. The study focussed on the tree species Norway spruce, Scots pine, common beech and European as well as sessile oak. We used existing information on site productivity, stand age and stand density to estimate expected growth. Relative tree growth was then calculated as the ratio between actual growth, obtained within a five years observation period, and expected growth. The site productivity incorporates past environmental conditions and was either computed from site index curves, where we distinguished Northern, Central and Southern Europe variants, or was taken from expert estimates. The models explained between 18% and 39% of the variance. Site productivity and stand age were positively and negatively related to actual growth, respectively. The results indicated consistently a fertilizing effect from nitrogen deposition, with roughly one percent increase in site productivity per kg of nitrogen deposition per ha and year, most pronounced for plots having soil C/N ratios above 25. We also found a positive albeit less clear relationship between relative growth and summer temperatures. Other influences were uncertain. In particular, we cannot conclude on detrimental effects on growth from sulphur and acid deposition or from drought periods.
Sammendrag
Aerial dispersal of inoculum is critical to the spread of many plant diseases; including potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Pi)), lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae (Bl)) and cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Pc)). In addition to relative humidity and temperature, spore survival during aerial dispersal is affected by solar irradiation (SI), in particular during long-distance transport at higher altitudes. We evaluated the potential survival of spores in air by placing detached spores of Pi, Bl and Pc on filter paper in either direct sun or shade at time intervals from 0.5 to 3 h (Pi and Bl), or up to 42 hours (Pc). Thereafter, the filter papers were placed in moist chambers for 15 min prior to incubation on pea agar (Pi) or water agar (Bl and Pc) for 24 h, before the viable spores were enumerated. Spores were considered viable if they exhibited a germ tube or released zoospores. Preliminary results show that no spores of Pi, Bl and Pc germinated after 1, 3 and 30 h exposure to direct sun, with critical SI doses near 700, 2000 and 8500 Wm-2, respectively. In shade, no Pi spores germinated after 3 h, while spores of Bl and Pc were still viable after 3 and 42 h, respectively. In Norway, the potential for long distance distribution of Pi is restricted, but more likely for Bl and Pc. Further experiments will be conducted to find the maximum survival time for spores of these pathogens under Norwegian climatic conditions.
Sammendrag
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Forfattere
Nadeem Yaqoob Carl Gunnar Fossdal Bao Dzung Diep Halvor SolheimSammendrag
Due to the great economic losses caused by the root and butt-rot pathogen Heterobasidion annosum, developments of efficient control measures are warranted. H. annosum a necrotroph colonize the Norway spruce from inside and is responsible of 10-13 millions Euros losses in Norway alone. Considerable clonal variation has been recorded for Norway spruce in resistance towards H. annosum, but the defence mechanisms contributing to host resistance remain poorly understood. The recent genome sequencing of Populus has made the genus a model to facilitate tree genetics. Genome-wide transcript profiling of Populus tremula upon pathogen attack will now be used, and homologues of Norway spruce genes to defence genes up-regulated in Populus will be identified. Populus-Phellinus tremula pathosystem is selected as P. tremula behaves like H. annosum.
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