Publikasjoner
NIBIOs ansatte publiserer flere hundre vitenskapelige artikler og forskningsrapporter hvert år. Her finner du referanser og lenker til publikasjoner og andre forsknings- og formidlingsaktiviteter. Samlingen oppdateres løpende med både nytt og historisk materiale. For mer informasjon om NIBIOs publikasjoner, besøk NIBIOs bibliotek.
2009
Forfattere
Ellen Johanne SvalheimSammendrag
Grendene Rygnestad og Flateland i Valle kommune er et utvalgt kulturlandskap for Aust-Agder. Her er det registrert en rekke kulturminner, og flere verdifulle naturtypelokaliteter med kulturavhengige arter er også registrert. Denne forvaltningsplanen vektlegger driften av landskapet og naturverdiene innen området. Spesielt legges det vekt på skjøtsel av de verdifulle biomangfoldlokalitetene.
Sammendrag
Within the scope of the ClimRunoff project, it is necessary to develop an accurate method for estimating peak discharges for the purpose of correctly sizing hydraulic structures at road and rail crossings. The presence of a snowpack and/or ice has an impact on the way the watershed will react to rain events. The first step in understanding the effects of the changing climate is to understand the reaction of the catchment to situations that are happening in today"s climate. After correctly modeling the processes currently occurring during cold seasons today, future scenarios can be modeled to see what effects changes in precipitation patterns and temperatures will have on catchment hydrology. The overall goal of this work is to provide an accurate estimate of runoff water produced from snowmelt on a catchment scale in order to support the development of more accurate methods of estimating peak discharge for road drainage structures. Use is made of the Utah Energy Balance model and the LISEM model. The coupling of the UEB and LISEM models provides valuable insight into the hydrological processes and responses occurring during winter periods. However, more work is needed to improve our understanding and quantification of soil-water interactions during cold periods, which can cause great deviations from hydrologic processes observed during warmer periods.
Forfattere
Alhaji Jeng Patson Nalivata Wilkson Makumba Beston MaongaSammendrag
This paper highlights the status of the biofuels industry in Malawi, draws the major players and their role and the environment under which the biofuels activities are being conducted in Malawi. Biofuel activities have started taking shape in Malalwi and that private organizations are the ones taking the lead. Limited knowledge exists at the ADD level on biofuels activities in their area since the biofuel organizations do not operate through the ADD structure. Despite having a huge comparative advantage in factors supporting growth of energy crops (biofuels), Malawi has not embraced biofuels in the national energy policy or national development framework. Consequently, the major setback in the development of the biofuel programs here is the lack of formal government policy. The Government of Malawi is, therefore, encouraged to take initiative and commence the development of a biofuels strategy and regulatory framework to safeguard the interest of the nation and harness the potential economic opportunities from this industry. Furthermore, it is vital to characterize the biophysical conditions for biofuel production in Malawi, to map out the amount of land available and form an opinion of how much the country can realize annually from this venture. This would consolidate our knowledge on the economic benefit for the country and the potential for the smallholder farmers to emerge from the clutches of poverty. Using a structured questionnaire, a national survey was conducted to assess the status of biofuels production and the level of awareness of the stakeholders (farmers and extension in the ADDs and Government) about biofuels production in Malawi.
Forfattere
Alhaji Jeng Wilkson Makumba Jeremiah OkeyoSammendrag
The project addresses key constraints to agricultural production and soil productivity in Chitekwere, located in a relatively dry region of Malawi. The project laid strong emphasis on participatory approaches to technology development and adoption. At the Extension Planning Area (EPA) level interaction between farmers, researchers and extension resulted in the choice of 5 technologies which were to be on-station and on-farm tested. One hundred farmers were involved, each picking up a technology or two of her/his choice. Plots of 10 X 10 m were used for the trials, which were conducted during the rainy season. Yield data of Year 1 have shown promise for some of the technologies, but were not enough to draw conclusions. The trials are being repeated in Year 2. Project ends in September 2010.
Forfattere
Odd-Arild FinnesSammendrag
Organisering og satsing er nødvendig for å nå fram på Tromsømarkedet
Forfattere
Jannes StolteSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
I forbindelse med Norsk Vann sitt arbeidet "stoff-for-stoff og kilde for kilde" er det er gjennomført en måling av tilstedeværelsen for utvalgte kjemikalier, både kjente og potensielle miljøproblemstoffer, i sigevann fra Isi avfallsdeponi og innløp til VEAS. Potensielle miljøproblemstoffer er stoffer som er påvist i miljøprøver, men som man har lite eller ingen kunnskap om når det gjelder deres miljø- og helseeffekter. De forbindelsene som ble funnet i høyere konsentrasjon i sigevann enn i innløpsvann til VEAS (> 10 x høyere) eller kun påvist i sigevann var insekticidet DEET, perfluorerte forbindelser (PFC) og flere organofosfat-forbindelser. Motsatt mønster, høyere konsentrasjon i innløpsvann enn i sigevann, ble funnet for triclosan, muskstoffene galaxolid og tonalid, og ftalat-forbindelsen DEHP. Bisfenol A og nonylfenol ble funnet i omtrent samme konsentrasjonsnivå i sigevann og innløpsvann til VEAS. Det er ikke mulig på bakgrunn av denne undersøkelsen å kvantifisere mengden miljøgifter som har opphav i ISI avfallsdeponi eller total mengde miljøgifter som tilføres VEAS. Dette fordi det er få prøver og fordi vannmengde og konsentrasjonsnivåer i både sigevann og avløpsvann vil variere. Undersøkelsen gir likevel en pekepinn på hvilke tradisjonelle og nye potensielle miljøproblemstoffer som kan forventes forefinnes - samt en indikasjon på konsentrasjonsnivåer - i sigevann fra deponier og avløpsvann.In connection to Norwegian Water"s work related to "compound-for-compound and source for source" ,a wide range of compounds was analyzed in leachates from Isi waste landfill and influent to VEAS. Both well-known and potential environmental hazardous compounds (emerging compounds) were analyzed. Emerging compounds are compounds found in environmental matrixes but no or scare knowledge about environmental effect exists. Compounds found in higher concentration in leachates than in influent (> 10 x higher) or only detected in leachates were DEET, perfluorated compounds, and some organophosphates. The opposite pattern, higher concentration in influent than leachates, was measured for triclosan, the musk compounds galaxolide and tonalide, and the phthalate DEHP. Due to few samples and highly varying water flow for leachates and wastewater, it is not possible based on this study to quantify the amount of compounds originating from Isi landfill or the total load to VEAS. However, the study gives an indication about which traditional and potentially emerging contaminants that can be expected to be detected and their concentrations in leachates from landfills and wastewater.
Forfattere
C. Kaiser J.M. Christensen l. Long I. Hanrahan Mekjell Meland E. FallahiSammendrag
Rain-induced fruit cracking in sweet cherries can be a major problem. In the Pacific Northwest, due to high labor costs, when fruit cracking exceeds 25% at harvest, fruit are not picked. OSU Horticulture and Pharmacy Faculty have collaborated in producing and patenting a novel, elastic, organic biofilm, SureSeal, which significantly reduced sweet cherry fruit cracking by up to 250% in Milton Freewater, Oregon and Loftus, Norway. Formulations of SureSeal are hydrophobic and consists of a copolymer of complex carbohydrates, phospholipids and calcium. Collaborative research undertaken over three years throughout the Pacific Northwest and overseas found that two applications of 1% SureSeal applied at straw color and again ten days later, reduced fruit cracking consistently when compared to untreated control fruit. Indeed, in Norway, fruit cracking was reduced from 24.6% to 9.8% when trees were treated with SureSeal in combination with plastic ground covers and a preharvest fungicide (fenhexamid). Furthermore, all these studies throughout Oregon and Idaho, found that SureSeal resulted in significantly (P
Forfattere
Mekjell MelandSammendrag
The performance of 26 different cherry rootstocks (‘Hexaploid Colt"," Damil", ‘Tabel® Edabriz", ‘Gisela® (Gi) 3", ‘4", ‘5", ‘6", ‘7", ‘11", ‘Giessen (GI) 107/1", ‘148/13", ‘154/7" , ‘195/20", ‘318/17", ‘497/8", ‘523/02", ‘Weiroot (W) 10", ‘53", ‘158", ‘Maxma 14", ‘Maxma 60", ‘Maxma 97", ‘PHL-A", ‘PHL-B", ‘Piku®1"and ‘Piku® 3"), compared with ‘Colt" as a standard, for the cultivar ‘Lapins" (Prunus avium L), was assessed in a field trial in western Norway at 60° North. Trees, one-year-old whips, were planted in spring 1999; at 2.0 x 4.5 m spacing and trained to central leader as free spindle. Tree vigour, yield, fruit size, fruit quality and yield efficiency were evaluated for eight subsequent years. Tree sizes were significantly affected by the rootstocks after eight years growth. ‘Tabel®Edabriz", ‘Gi 3" and ‘Gi 4" produced the smallest and ‘Piku®3", ‘Colt"," Damil" and ‘Maxma 60" the largest trees as measured by trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA). The most vigourus rootstock had five times larger TCSA than the dwarfest rootstocks. ‘Piku®1" was the most productive rootstock for this cultivar with highest cumulative yield followed by ‘Colt", ‘Piku®3" and ‘Gi 523/02". Average yield per tree and per year during the first seven cropping years was 12 kg for ‘Piku®1". ‘Piku®1" and ‘Gi 5" induced early bearing. Trees on ‘Gi 5" and ‘Gi 6"were the most yield efficient. Fruit size became significantly affected by the different rootstocks. In average for the different cropping years many of the Gi number selections, ‘Colt", ‘Damil" and ‘Piku®1"all had a average fruit weight larger than 10 g per fruit. Fruit quality characterized by the content of soluble solids was in an average of 17.5 %. It was not influenced by crop load and did not differ much between trees on the various rootstocks. In conclusion, for high density production systems the most productive semi-vigorous rootstocks were ‘Colt"," Piku®3" and ‘Damil" and the semi-dwarf Piku®1", ‘Gi 5" and "Gi 6".
Forfattere
Mekjell Meland Eva BirkenSammendrag
The European plum cultivar ‘Jubileum" blossoms abundantly most years and too many flowers can be set if not properly thinned. For two seasons started in 2007 mature ‘Jubileum/St. Julien A were treated with ethephon when full bloom opened at concentration of 250, 375 and 500 ppm and at 10-12 mm fruitlets stage at concentration of 125, 250 and 375 ppm. The experimental design was completely randomised with 6 replications of single trees. The trees were sprayed to run-off with a hand sprayer when temperature was above 15 ºC. All thinning treatments reduced the fruit set significantly. The fruit set decreased with increasing ethephon concentration, and the highest rates at bloom and fruitlet overthinned. Less dosage of ethephon was required at fruitlet time in order to obtain the same fruit set. The yield did confirm the fruit set response and the yield reductions were significant. All thinning treatments gave higher percentage of fruits larger than 38 mm fruit size compared to the unthinned control. Fruit quality characterized by blue surface cover and the content of soluble solids was in general high and increased significantly by reduced fruit. Fruit firmness, however, slightly declined in the ethephon thinned trees. Other fruit quality parameter like percentage acid content did not show a clear response to the thinning. Return bloom was little improved on thinned trees the following year. The crop load per tree was reduced to about the half of the previous year control trees included. In conclusion, ethephon application at a rate of 375 ppm applied at full bloom or 250 ppm at 10 mm fruit diameter thinned ‘Jubileum" plums to a target of about 10 -15 % fruit set.