Mette Thomsen
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Populærvitenskapelig – EN SMAK AV NATUREN.
Hilde Margrethe Helgesen, Mette Thomsen, Kristin Daugstad
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Mette Thomsen Randi Seljåsen Andrii Volovyk Hans Gunnar Espelien Kari Bysveen Anne-Kristin Løes Tatiana Francischinelli RittlSammendrag
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Tatiana Francischinelli Rittl Kari Bysveen Randi Seljåsen Mette Thomsen Anne-Kristin LøesSammendrag
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There is an increased interest in identifying beneficial compounds of plant origin that can be added to animal diets to improve animal performance and have a health-promoting effect. In the present study, nine herb species of the Norwegian wild flora or which can be cultivated in Norway were selected for phytogenic evaluation (hops, maral root, mint, oregano, purslane, rosemary, roseroot, sweet wormwood, yarrow). Dried herbs were sequentially extracted with dichloromethane (DCM), ethanol (EtOH) and finally water (H2O) by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The UAE protocol was found to be more rational than conventional Soxhlet with respect to DCM extraction. Total extraction yield was found to be highest for oregano (Origanum vulgare) with 34.4 g 100−1 g dry matter (DM). H2O-extracts gave the highest yields of the three solvents, with up to 25 g 100−1 g DM for purslane (Portulaca oleracea ssp. sativa) and mint (Mentha piperita). EtOH- and H2O-extracts were the most efficient extracts with respect to free radical scavenging capacity (ABTS (=2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and oregano, mint, hops (Humulus lupulus) and maral root-leaves (Leuzea carthamoides) were found to be the most efficient antioxidant sources. Hops (EtOH-extract) contained α- and β-acids, xanthohumols, chlorogenic acid and the hitherto unreported 3-O-glucosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Maral root-leaves contained among other compounds hexosides of the 6-hydroxy- and 6-methoxy-kaempferol and -quercetin, whereas roseroot (Rosea rhodiola) revealed contents of rosavin, rhodiosin and rhodionin. Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) contained chlorogenic acid and several derivatives thereof, scopoletin and poly-methylated flavones (eupatin, casticin, chrysoplenetin). Antimicrobial potential of different plant extracts was demonstrated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the indicator organisms Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, and the Atlantic salmon bacterial pathogens Moritella viscosa, Tenacibaculum finnmarkense and Aliivibrio wodanis. DCM extracts possessed the highest activities. Data demonstrate the potential ability of herb extracts as natural antimicrobials. However, future safety studies should be performed to elucidate any compromising effect on fish health.
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Mette Thomsen Anne-Kristin Løes Randi Seljåsen Tatiana Francischinelli Rittl Kari BysveenSammendrag
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Horticultural production systems are under pressure to find environmentally friendly growing media. Peat is currently the most popular substrate for fresh potted herbs production; however, this raw material is not sustainable due to the large amount of greenhouse gases released during its harvesting. Therefore, the goal of the study was to test the performance of various commercial wood fiber products and compare them with peat and coir in an ebb-and-flow production system with basil (Ocimum basilicum L. 'Marian'). Basil plants were grown in three different pot sizes (6, 9 and 12 cm in diameter) and under various fertigation regimes (EC 1, 2 and 3). Height and biomass of the plants were recorded when the best performing plants reached the commercial stage. The tallest plants and greatest biomass were produced in peat and coir, however, the results confirm that wood fiber can be a promising substrate alternative. Further research is needed to study, among others topics, how to modify some properties of wood fibers to fulfil their potential as a replacement for non-sustainable growing media in production of herbs in pots.
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Populærvitenskapelig – Bruk av fangvekster og jorddekke i grønnsaks produksjon (del 2)
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Živa Fišer Giovanna Aronne Tsipe Aavik Meleksen Akin Paraskevi Alizoti Filippos Aravanopoulos Gianluigi Bacchetta Manica Balant Dalibor Ballian Oz Barazani Andrea Francesca Bellia Nadine Bernhardt Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat Adrian Bugeja Douglas Michael Burkart Dušica Ćalić André Carapeto Tor Carlsen Silvia Castro Guy Colling Joana Cursach Sara Cvetanoska Cvetanka Cvetkoska Renata Ćušterevska Laura Daco Kalina Danova Aida Dervishi Gordana Djukanović Snežana Dragićević Andreas Ensslin Marianne Evju Giuseppe Fenu Ana Francisco Pedro Pablo Gallego Marta Galloni Anatolie Ganea Birgit Gemeinholzer Peter Glasnović Sandrine Godefroid Mette Thomsen Melinda Halassy Aveliina Helm Marko Hyvärinen Jasmin Joshi Amra Kazić Michael Kiehn Marcin Klisz Anneleen Kool Olav Skarpaas Goran Zdunic Elke ZippelSammendrag
Even though plants represent an essential part of our lives offering exploitational, supporting and cultural services, we know very little about the biology of the rarest and most threatened plant species, and even less about their conservation status. Rapid changes in the environment and climate, today more pronounced than ever, affect their fitness and distribution causing rapid species declines, sometimes even before they had been discovered. Despite the high goals set by conservationists to protect native plants from further degradation and extinction, the initiatives for the conservation of threatened species in Europe are scattered and have not yielded the desired results. The main aim of this Action is to improve plant conservation in Europe through the establishment of a network of scientists and other stakeholders who deal with different aspects of plant conservation, from plant taxonomy, ecology, conservation genetics, conservation physiology and reproductive biology to protected area's managers, not forgetting social scientists, who are crucial when dealing with the general public. in situ plant conservation, ex situ plant conservation, conservation genetics, red lists of threatened plant species, citizen science
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Mette Thomsen Tor J. Johansen Eldrid Lein Molteberg Anne-Berit Wold Arne Hermansen Anne-Kristin Løes Hugh RileySammendrag
Several factors may define storability in root crops. In the following paper, preliminary results are presented from two experiments performed to test factors affecting storage quality of carrot. The study have focused on 1) soil loosening/soil compaction and 2) different cultivars of carrot and root age considered by the length of the growing period. The results so far indicate that the soil compaction had few effects on storability of carrot, but did seem to negatively affect the length of the carrot. Soil loosening reduced the occurrence of liquorice rot caused by Mycocentrospora acerina. Large differences were found in storability between the ten tested carrot cultivars and length of growing period tended to be negatively correlated to storability. We conclude that a number of precautions in carrot production may increase storability and thus economic performance.
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After harvest, vegetables go from storing assimilates to break down of assimilates and it is of crucial importance to slow down this process. Controlling the pre-storage period may contribute to maintain high quality in root vegetables during long-term storage. The aim of this 2-years study was to investigate the effect of seven different pre-storage strategies (direct to 0°C vs. down 1°C per day vs. 0.2°C temperature reduction per day and wound healing at 10°C with low/high humidity) on root storability in four cultivars of carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) stored in 2016/2017/2018, swede (Brassica napus) in 2017/2018 and celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum) in 2017/2018. Mass loss and disease incidences were determined during and after long-term storage (6-7 month) in small-scale stores. Wound healing with low humidity resulted in larger mass loss than the other preharvest strategies in carrot and celeriac. In carrot, slow temperature reduction (0.2°C per day) also resulted in larger mass loss than the other strategies. Significantly higher numbers of infected roots, dominated by licorice rot (Mycocentrospora acerina), tip rot and gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), occurred in carrots stored at 0°C immediately compared to roots with a period of wound healing and slow temperature decline. In celeriac, the incidence of gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) and licorice rot (Mycocentrospora acerina) were significantly reduced with wound healing at low humidity. Storage quality of swede was not affected by pre-storage strategies. This study shows that prestorage strategies affect mass loss and disease incidence in celeriac and carrot during and after long-term storage.
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Humle (Humulus lupulus) er en flerårig plante, som hører til Hampfamilien (Cannabaceae) og er en av få viltlevende klatreplanter i Norge. Det er en meget gammel kulturplante, som også vokser vilt i store deler av landet og er kjent helt opp til Pasvik i Finnmark. Dyrkingen og bruken av humle i Norge er kjent fra langt tilbake og blir omtalt allerede i Frostatingsloven. Om høsten går humle i hvile ved lav lysmengde, og før den kan begynne veksten på våren må planten ha en kuldeperiode med temperaturer under 4°C noe varierende mellom de forskjellige klonene. Humle er en kortdags plante. Kritisk daglengde er i underkant av 15 ½ til 16 ½ timer og lys utover dette vil hindre blomstring, dog litt avhengig av klon. Humle liker å ha det lunt, ikke for mye vind og liker ikke å tørke ut. Planten må få mulighet til å strekke seg og dyrkingssytemene er fra ca 3m til opp mot 7m høye. Det er mulig å dyrke humle i plast tunnel, og utbytte vil da økes betraktelig. Kritiske punkter i humleproduksjonen er sykdommer samt høsting - og tørking av kongler. Man kan dyrke humle mange plasser i Norge og dyrking av norsk humle kan gi spennende nye smaker til øllet.
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Mette Thomsen Erlend Indergård Pia Heltoft Thomsen Gerd Guren Anne-Berit Wold Hanne Larsen Belachew Asalf TadesseSammendrag
I prosjekt OPTIROT samarbeider 26 produsenter, to kjøleteknologiselskaper, en sensorutvikler, en biopesticidutvikler, to emballasjeprodusenter, fire regioner under NLR, Gartnerhallen og fem forskningsinstitutter (Nofima, Sintef, NMBU, Århus universitet og NIBIO) i gjennomføring av undersøkelser for å redusere svinn under lagring av gulrot, kålrot og sellerirot. Sammendrag av arbeidspakkene: i) Optimal gjødsling med bor og kalsium for bedre lagringskvalitet. Det er testet ut 6 ulike metoder /tidspunkter for tildeling av bor. Vi så liten effekt av de ulike metodene og tidspunktene for tildeling av bor til knollselleri (felter LI & ST) og kålrot (felter APP & INN). Symptomene bormangel og brune flekker ses inne i røtten og bedømmes ved deling av roten. I begge kulturer var det stor variasjon mellom felt. For knollselleri var det størst forekomst av brune flekker og lavest andel friske røtter i ST, som hadde lavest Ca/B-forhold i blader, lavest innhold av Zn i blader og røtter og lavest pH. I kålrot var det symptomer på bormangel i begge felt i 2017, sterkest i INN. For begge felt var symptomene sterkest i behandlingr uten tilførsel av B. Andel friske røtter var lavest i INN. Vi anbefaler flere undersøkelser for å konkludere ytterligere....
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Hilde Halland Peter Martin Sigridur Dalmannsdottir Sæmundur Sveinsson Rólvur Djurhuus Mette Thomsen John Wishart Ólafur ReykdalSammendrag
Transnational cooperation is a common strategy for addressing research and development (R&D) issues resulting from similar challenges that cut across administrative borders. Value chains for food and drinks are complex, and transdisciplinary work is recognised as a method for solving complex issues. The Northern Cereals project ran from 2015 to 2018, and its goal was to increase cereal production and the value of grain products in four regions in the Northern Periphery programme area. The project included both R&D, but the main emphasis was on development, and was carried out by transdisciplinary cooperation between R&D partners and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). By reviewing the project’s methods, outcomes and composition, we discuss if a framework of transnational and transdisciplinary cooperation can help to develop the value chain from local barley to beer. We found that transnational cooperation was achieved successfully, that stakeholder involvement was crucial, but that academic disciplines such as marketing and innovation could have been included. In addition, we recognised that much work remains to further increase cereal production and the use of local grain in the Northern Periphery region, but believe that this project has laid a good foundation for further progress.
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Abdelhameed Elameen Vera M. Kosman Mette Thomsen Olga N. Pozharitskaya Alexander N. ShikovSammendrag
Rhodiola rosea L. (roseroot) is an adaptogen plant belonging to the Crassulaceae family. The broad spectrum of biological activity of R. rosea is attributed to its major phenyletanes and phenylpropanoids: rosavin, salidroside, rosin, cinnamyl alcohol, and tyrosol. In this study, we compared the content of phenyletanes and phenylpropanoids in rhizomes of R. rosea from the Norwegian germplasm collection collected in 2004 and in 2017. In general, the content of these bioactive compounds in 2017 was significantly higher than that observed in 2004. The freeze-drying method increased the concentration of all phenyletanes and phenylpropanoids in rhizomes compared with conventional drying at 70 °C. As far as we know, the content of salidroside (51.0 mg g−1) observed in this study is the highest ever detected in Rhodiola spp. Long-term vegetative propagation and high genetic diversity of R. rosea together with the freeze-drying method may have led to the high content of the bioactive compounds observed in the current study.
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Erlend Indergaard Mette Thomsen Pia Heltoft Thomsen Belachew Asalf Tadesse Berit Nordskog Kristina Norne Widell Tom Ståle Nordtvedt Torgeir Tajet Hanne LarsenSammendrag
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Erlend Indergård Mette Thomsen Pia Heltoft Thomsen Belachew Asalf Tadesse Berit Nordskog Kristina Norne Widell Tom Ståle Nordtvedt Torgeir Tajet Hanne LarsenSammendrag
After harvesting, the Norwegian root vegetables are normally stored at refrigerated temperatures for 5 to 7 months. During this period, up to 30% of the products are lost. The goal is to reduce the diseases, the product loss and energy consumption, in addition to increase shelf-life and storage period. Twenty-eight commercial root vegetable cold-stores were instrumented to measure air temperature, relative humidity and product temperature. The study was done over two years. The cold-stores were located in four different regions of Norway. The three focus-products carrot, swede and celeriac were harvested from one field in each region in open wire nets. The nets were placed in the various cold-stores in the respective regions and put in the wooden bins together with the producer's own products. The quality and yield of the products were determined and correlated to the storage condition. The various storage condition negatively affects the respiration and quality of the root vegetables, storage-life, and influence on the cooling capacity of the refrigeration systems.
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Mette Thomsen Hugh Riley Eldrid Lein Molteberg Tor J. Johansen Anne-Kristin Løes Pia Heltoft Thomsen Gerd Guren Erlend Indergård Anne-Berit Wold Arne HermansenSammendrag
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Mette Thomsen Trude Wicklund Rune Andreassen Peter Martin Hilde Halland Magnus Göransson Morten Rasmussen Olafur ReykdalSammendrag
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Mette Thomsen Eldrid Lein Molteberg Anne-Berit Wold Belachew Asalf Tadesse Pia Heltoft Thomsen Arne HermansenSammendrag
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Denne rapporten har fokus på dyrking og bruk av bygg i Nord-Norge. Innholdet er basert på kunnskapen som er generert gjennom det Nord-Atlantiske samarabeidsprosjektet Northern Cereals 2015-2018. I tillegg til kunnskap om hvordan man dyrker bygg i nord og bruker bygg til mat og malt omhandler rapporten dyrking og bruk av bygg i Nord-Norge i historisk sammenheng, samt et avsluttende kapittel om nye muligheter for denne næringen.
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Anne Linn Hykkerud Inger Martinussen Ivan Paponov Mette Thomsen Eivind Uleberg Laura JaakolaSammendrag
Rhodiola rosea is a perennial flowering plant with a long history as a medicine plant. The plant contain a range of bioactive compounds including salidroside, rosavin, rosarian and rosin. Some of the compounds are characterized as adaptogens, meaning they can increase the body’s resistance to various stressors. An increased demand for better pharmaceuticals has stimulated the development of new methods for agricultural as well as in vitro cultivation of medicinal plants. A new technology, called rhizosecretion of biologically active chemicals, can provide a continuous supply of biologically active compounds over the lifetime of plants. The plants will then be grown under controlled conditions. In order to increase the production of bioactive compounds in Rhodiola rosea under these conditions it is therefore hypothesized that the biosynthesis can be upregulated by growing it under specific temperature and light quality treatments. An experiment with different light and temperature regimes was established for optimal accumulation of biologically active compounds. Four different clones of Rhodiola rosea were grown under three different light conditions (red, blue and white) combined with two different temperatures (9 and 18 °C) for three weeks. The gene expression of Tyrosine decarboxylase (TyrDC), found to have a key role in the biosynthesis of salidroside, were investigated. In addition, the content of various bioactive compounds were quantified before and after treatment. The results indicate that use if high producing clones is most important for high production and that there is a short-term upregulation during blue light treatment. During the three-week treatment, there was no significant effect of the temperature treatments.
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Bruken av øl i fjellbygdene har mange fellestrekk med resten av landet. Mange av de eldre drikkeskikkene holdt seg likevel lengre der enn ellers. Bygg var det viktige ølkornet, men andre kornslag er brukt i tillegg for å gi et bedre øl. Sentrale ingredienser var einer, or og humle, mens bruken av urter synes mindre. Hovedtrekket etter Langfjellene er at mesk og vørter kokes på østsiden. I de vestnorske fjellbygdene er hovedtrekket at vørteren kokes, men ikke mesken. Råøl er registrert nord og sør av Langfjellene. I noen bygder, som Etnedal og Hemsedal, kan ølbryggingen være preget av en eldre tids bruk. Dersom en skal ha et «helnorskt» malt er Varde en seks-radsbygg som kan dyrkes i dal- og fjellbygder. Humle fra Numedal, Sykkylven, Vestre Gausdal og Vekkom i Ringebu har mest bitterhet. De mest aromatiske er fra Sør-Fron, Alvdal og Sykkylven. De humlene som scorer høyest på begge faktorene er fra Skjolden og Vestre Gausdal.
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Mette Thomsen Trude Wicklund Rune Andreassen Peter Martin Hilde Halland Magnus Göransson Morten RasmussenSammendrag
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Det er en rivende utviking i produksjon av spesial øl i Norge og etterspørselen etter norske råvarer - malt, humle og urter - er økende. Prosjektet har vist at en kan produsere malt med god kvalitet i Norge, men sortsgenskaper som er sentrale for malting vektlegges ikke spesielt i norsk byggfordling, og ingen norske byggsorter er per i dag godkjent som maltbygg. Ønsker en å dyrke godkjente maltbyggsorter, må en ta i bruk utenlandske sorter som Marthe og Quench. Dette er i stor grad relativt seine 2-radssorter som bare kan dyrkes i de beste korndyrkingsområdene på Østlandet og i Trøndelag. Skal en dyrke maltbygg i områder med begrenset veksttid, er en avhengig av å ta i bruk 6-radssorter som krever kortere veksttid fram til modning, for eksempel Arve og Varde. En del sentrale kvalitetsegenskaper er mindre gunstige hos 6-radssortene. Dette gjelder først og fremst egenskaper som påvirker maltutbyttet, liksom kornstørrelse og kornstørrelsesfordeling. Gamle sorter som er egnet for malting, liksom Varde og Domen, har dyrkingsmessige utfordringer knyttet til lange og svake strå som lett gir legde og kvalitesforringelse av kornet. Store forskjeller mellom år for avling og maltkvalitet for ellers like dyrkingsbetingelser, tyder på at en må regne med betydelge årsvariasjoner ved dyrking av maltkorn under norske værforhold...
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Haakon Helland A Leufvén Gunnar Bengtsson Hanne Larsen Elin Merete Nicolaisen Mette Thomsen Arne Hermansen Anne-Berit Wold Liv BergeSammendrag
Preliminary results on aroma profiles (GC-MS) related to storage conditions (temperature, time and packaging atmosphere) are presented. The vegetables used in the experiments were rutabaga, carrot and turnip, which were peeled and cut before packaging, and stored at two different temperatures. O2 and CO2 concentrations in the packaging atmosphere were measured during the storage period to calculate the respiration rates of the produce. Cubed carrot showed a higher respiration rate than cubed turnip and rutabaga. Samples for analysis of volatiles were taken after 0 and 7 or 10 days. This type of analysis could be used as a complement to sensory analysis.
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Rhodiola rosea is a well-known herbal medicinal plant, valued for highly active secondary metabolites. It is growing wild in most parts of Norway and mountainous areas in a number of countries. Some of the most important metabolites are believed to be salidroside, cinnamyl alcohol, glycosides (rosine, rosavine, rosarine), flavonoids (rhodionin, rhodiosin,rhodiolin) and terpenes (Galambosi 1999). In Norway, germplasm collections of R. rosea are maintained by NIBIO; at Apelsvoll in southern Norway, consisting of 97 different clones. The ranges in content of secondary metabolites in the collection are for rosavin 2.90-85.95 mg g-1, salidroside 0.03-12.85 mg g-1, rosin 0.08-4.75 mg g-1, tyrosol 0.04-2.15 mg g-1 and cinnamyl alcohol 0.02-1.18 mg g-1. Clones selected from the collection has throughout been studied for different aspects affecting plant growth and production of secondary metabolites. We have looked into cultivation requirements of the plant like water requirement, effects of nutrient levels (N and K) and soil types. Postharvest treatment from washing, cutting,drying and differences in the plant parts. Finally we will in this presentation also present results on requirements for dormancy release and the clonal differences and also how use of primers may affect production of secondary metabolites.
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Mette Thomsen Hugh Riley Grethe Iren Andersen Borge Per Lea Marit Rødbotten Gunnar BengtssonSammendrag
Swede is known as a healthy vegetable with a high content of vitamin C. However, very few studies have worked with the aim to evaluate how varieties, soil type and fertilizer interact and affect quality in swede. In the present study two varieties of swedes (‘Vige’ and ‘Vigod’) were grown on peat, loam and sand, with three levels of K (0, 120, 240 kg ha-1) and N fertilizer (0, 80, 160 kg ha-1). Low to moderate levels of N gave highest saleable yield, highest content of vitamin C and lowest content of nitrate. Peat soil gave highest saleable yield, lowest soluble solids and vitamin C and highest nitrate content. Soluble solids and vitamin C were negatively correlated with total root yield. Sandy soil gave lowest saleable yield, sweetest taste and lowest nitrate content. Contents of total, aliphatic, indole and individual glucosinolates, on dry matter basis, were highest on peat. N fertilization increased the content of most glucosinolates, whereas K affected glucobrassicin at the highest N level. Progoitrin was lowest in roots grown on sand, and was affected by N level and variety on sand and loam soils. Consumers preferred ‘Vigod’, which had the highest intensity of sweetness, although ‘Vige’ had more vitamin C and less nitrate.
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Foredrag – Karakterisering og evaluering av humle. Hva kan vi bruke informasjonen til?
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Inger Martinussen Anne Linn Hykkerud Ivan Paponov Mette Thomsen Eivind Uleberg Laura JaakolaSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette Thomsen Erlend Indergård Belachew Asalf Tadesse Pia Heltoft Thomsen Anne-Berit Wold Berit Nordskog Gerd Guren Johannes Dyste Hanne LarsenSammendrag
Optimization of produce quality and storage conditions to reduce loss during long-term storage of root vegetables in Norway (OPTIROOT, 2016-2019) Authors: Thomsen, M.G., Indergaard, E., Asalf, B., Heltoft, P., Wold, A.B., Nordskog, B., Guren, G, Dyste, J. & Larsen, H. Author’s affiliation: Key words: carrot, swede, celeriac, storage technology, diseases, physiological disorder, packaging, nutrition Reducing yield loss along the supply chains is important for resource sustainability in vegetable production. Norwegian root vegetables are typically stored 6 to 8 months before consumption, often resulting in 20-30% loss post harvest. In OptiRoot 26 producers, refrigeration-technology companies, sensor developer, grower’s organisation, agricultural advisory service, and four research institutes are cooperating and conducting research to improve storage quality of carrot, swede and celeriac. The research focuses on: i) Fertilizer/Boron deficiency affects the storage quality of root vegetables and amount, methods of application, and timing of boron are studied in swede and celeriac. ii) Interaction between storage conditions/functions and produce quality of the root vegetables through mapping of technical features of 27 storages. The storage conditions recorded are relative humidity, air movement, temperature in boxes and storages, and physical features of storages. In addition, the physiological and health status of the produces are assessed one week before harvest, postharvest and post-storage. The prevalence of fungal diseases or disorders varied from region to region and between storages. iii) Effects of pre-storage wound healing are tested using seven different temperature strategies (direct to 0° C vs. down 0.2° C per day vs. 1° C per day) and low/high humidity in carrot (2016/17/18), celeriac and swede (2017/18/19). Preliminary results show that wound healing reduced loss due to fungal infections in carrot iv) CO2 concentration, temperature and relative humidity were recorded over time inside carrot storage bin liners with different numbers of perforations. An initial screening indicated a positive correlation between number of holes and number of fresh roots. As a post storage method, coating of swede with chitosan oligomers will be tested to inhibit growth of post-harvest pathogens. In conclusion, OptiRoot have gained good progress and promising preliminary results by connecting data on biology and technology for reduction of loss during long-term storage.
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Peter Martin Sigridur Dalmannsdottir Jens Ivan í Gerdinum Hilde Halland Jonatan Hermannsson Vanessa Kavanagh Katrin MacKenzie Olafur Reykdal Joanne Russell Saemundur Sveinsson Mette Thomsen John WishartSammendrag
Although grass dominates most agricultural systems in the North Atlantic region (NAR), spring barley is the most important cereal and is used for animal feed and food and drink products. Recent changes in climate have resulted in warmer conditions across the NAR which have major implications for crop production. In this paper, we investigate the thermal requirement of spring barley in the region and use the results to examine the effects of recent trends in temperature and rainfall on barley cultivation, based on 11 regional meteorological sites. At these sites, between 1975 and 2015, we found significant warming trends for several months of the cropping season and significant trends for increases in the cropping season degree days (CSDD). In recent years, this has resulted in an increased proportion of years when the estimated minimum thermal requirement for barley has been met at sites above about 60°N. However, annual variations in CSDD are large and years still occur at these sites where this is insufficient. While warming could potentially allow an earlier start and later end to the cropping season, it is likely that high rainfall at maritime sites, and low rainfall at continental sites, will limit the ability of growers to benefit from this. Warming is considered to have been one of the main factors contributing to the large expansion of the area of barley cultivated in Iceland since the 1990s.
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Hugh Riley Mette Thomsen Gunnar Bengtsson Marit Rødbotten Grethe Iren Andersen Borge Per LeaSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
Beskrivelse: Mekanisk jordbearbejdning og specielt pløjning er en vigtig metode til at kontrollere rodukrudt i økologisk jordbrug. Mette Goul Thomsen giver et bud på bekæmpelsesstrategier med optimal tilpasning af pløjedybde og –tidspunkt og redusert miljøeffekter. Mette Goul Thomsen har lavet undersøgelser af rodukrudtets biologi kombineret med markforsøg med forskellige bekæmpelsesstrategier, hvor fokus primært har været på tidsler, men også på kvik og agersvinemælk. Indlægget er på dansk/norsk.
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Tove Kristina Sundgren Mette Thomsen Mauritz Åssveen Erling Stubhaug Anne Kari Bergjord Olsen Ruth Mordal Ragnar EltunSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Svein Øyvind Solberg Agnese Kolodinska Brantestam Madeleine Kylin Gitte Kjeldsen Bjørn Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
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Randi Seljåsen Per Lea Torfinn Torp Hugh Riley Erling Berentsen Mette Thomsen Gunnar BengtssonSammendrag
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Cover crops are included in cropping systems in order to achieve various ecological benefits. In stockless organic cereal systems in Scandinavia, nitrogen is commonly supplied by undersowing a legume shortly after sowing. Retarding the growth of annual weeds is considered an additional benefit of using cover crops. However, studies on the influence of undersown cover crops on the growth of perennial weeds are lacking. In this paper we present data from a four- year field experiment on the growth of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Sonchus arvensis L. and Elymus repens (L.) Gould., in cereals with and without undersown red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), combined with contrasting stubble treatments after harvest. Clover did not significantly reduce the growth of any of the weed species. Regression analyses showed, however, that the growth of C. arvense and S. arvensis increased with increasing clover biomass at low densities of clover, whereas at higher densities it decreased with increasing biomass of clover. Amongst the stubble treatments, shallow ploughing followed by harrowing gave the best control of all weed species. The effect was most pronounced on E. repens, and least on S. arvensis, for whichneither the number nor the weed biomass were significantly different from the untreated control. Rotary tilling gave a similar effect, but again less pronounced on S. arvensis. Mowing suppressed E. repens to some degree, tended to suppress S. arvensis (n.s.) but had no effect on C. arvense. Thegrowth and survival of seed-propagated plants of the same species were studied in a one-year field experiment and in a greenhouse experiment, the latter only including the species S. arvensis andC. arvense. The use of a cover crop reduced the number of leaves per plant in S. arvensis both in the field and in the greenhouse. The same effect was found for C. arvense, but only in the greenhouse experiment. In the latter, above-ground biomass of the cover crop explained 67 % of the variation intotal biomass of S. arvensis and 47 % of that for C. arvense. From a practical point of view, the study has shown that undersown red clover has only marginal effects on perennial weeds, in contrast to various stubble treatments which influence strongly on weed growth. In general, soil tillagesuppresses perennial weeds best, but mowing may be a more environmentally friendly alternative for some weed species, such as. E. repens.
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Mette Thomsen Bertalan Galambosi Zsuzsanna Galambosi Marja Uusitalo Ruth Mordal Alpo HeinonenSammendrag
In the present study we evaluated the effect of phenological stage at harvest and drying temperature on the content of secondary metabolites in six year old cultivatedclones of Rhodiola rosea. The experimental work was performed in cooperation between MTT in Finland and Bioforsk in Norway. In spite of the differences in growing season, we found similar development in biomassproduction and content of secondary metabolites in the two field experiments.During the period with intensive shoot growth the dry weight of the rootdecreased until budding / full flowering followed by an increase towards thelast harvest after wilting. The % dry matter followed the same development. The content of total rosavins in the dry rhizomes was highest at flowering at both sitesand the average content for spring was 24 % respectively 21% higher than inautumn in Finland and Norway (P=0,002). In Finland the average content of salidroside in spring of the dry rhizomewas 68 % higher than in autumn. While in Norway there were no differences insalidroside content at the different phenological stages (P = 0,097), lowvariation in the content of cinnamic alcohol at both sites was observed, but atendency to a small increase after flowering. The content of total rosavins was significantly higher at drying temperatures at or below 50˚C (P
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
En rekke urter og urteekstrakter har i tillegg til gode smaks kvaliteter også egenskaber som innhold av antimikrobielle og antioksidative stoffe. Disse egenskapene kan brukes inn i matvarer for at gi en økt smaksopplevelse, øke holdbarhet samt forlenge levetiden for produktet. I SALTO prosjektet undersøkes en rekke urter for disse egenskaper, hvor målet er at redusere innholdet av salt uten at dette endre på kvalitets egenskapene i produktene.
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Randi Seljåsen Gunnar Bengtsson Erling Berentsen Per Lea Asgeir Nilsen Mette Thomsen Torfinn TorpSammendrag
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Haakon Helland Per Gustav Anders Leufvén Gunnar Bengtsson Anne-Berit Wold Hanne Larsen Mette Thomsen Elin Merete Wetterhus Liv Berge Arne HermansenSammendrag
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Gulrot og kålrot med riktig kvalitet - et samarbeidsprosjekt for å styrke konkurranseevnen i norsk produksjon Smak og kvalitet av gulrot og kålrot påvirkes av flere dyrkingsmessige faktorer som gjødsling, jordtype og angrep av insekter. For å forstå forbrukerens krav til gulrot og kålrot er det nødvendig å se bruken av disse i en bredere sosial sammenheng. Prosjektet "Gulrot og kålrot med riktig kvalitet" ble startet opp i 2004 med Dr. Steinar Dragland som prosjektleder. Prosjektet er avsluttet i 2008 og publiseringer fra prosjektet vil foreligge utover i 2009. Grønnsaksnæringen, forskningen og forsøksringene har samarbeidet om dette prosjektet, for å avklare hvilke dyrkningskrav gulrot og kålrot stiller for å gi en smak etter forbrukernes ønsker.
Forfattere
Mette Thomsen Randi Seljåsen Gunnar Bengtsson Gunnar Vittersø Erling Berentsen Steinar DraglandSammendrag
Smak og kvalitet av gulrot og kålrot påvirkes av flere dyrkingsmessige faktorer som gjødsling, jordtype og angrep av insekter. For å forstå forbrukerens krav til gulrot og kålrot er det nødvendig å se bruken av disse i en bredere sosial sammenheng.
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Inger Martinussen Vladimir Volodin S. Volodina I. Poletaeva D. Bacharov R. Belyaeva Marja Uusitalo Alpo Heinonen Bertalan Galambosi Z. Galambosi Mette Thomsen Gunnlaug Røthe Erling Fjelldal Paul Eric AspholmSammendrag
At present the development of a modern life-stile in the Barents region has become not only a medical, but a social and economic problem as well. To prevent organism from unfavorable factors of the North and life-stile diseases much attention is paid now to the application of adaptogenic plants. "Herbs in the Barents region - a natural resource that improves health and creates business" is a title of the joint project of Norwegian, Finnish and Russian scientists on the adaptogenic plants. The project main goal is to create job opportunities in the Barents region based on the natural resources of adaptogenic herbs. This shall be done by the development of cultivation techniques for the adaptogenic pants Rhodiola rosea, Rhaponticum carthamolides and Serratula coronata. The industry will develop new herb products that will improve health conditions in the region. In order to promote adaptogenic products made from local plant raw material we have investigated the effect of the climate and geographical location on the level of active substances. Gene banks of plant species studied are established in all countries-participants. Experiments conducted in phytotrone showed that all three plant species like long days (northern conditions) and the levels of adaptogen"s substances are highest at the low and intermediate temperatures. Cultivation techniques are developed. To ensure the best quality of the raw material the methods of harvesting, drying and storing of plants are optimized. New methods for extraction from fresh raw material of R. rosea are developed. Fields at growers are established. The project was financing by Interreg IIIA, Norwegian Barents Secretary and agricultural offices of the counties Troms and Finnmark.
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Bent Håvard Hellum Anita Tøsse Kathrine Høybakk Mette Thomsen Jens Rohloff Odd Georg NilsenSammendrag
Six clones of Rhodiola rosea, obtained from plants originating from widely different areas in Norway, were investigated for their in vitro inhibitory potential on CYP3A4-mediated metabolism and P-gp efflux transport activity. Presumed active constituents in the ethanol extracts of the different clones were quantified. C-DNA baculovirus expressed CYP3A4 and Caco-2 cells were used for inhibitory assays, and as positive control inhibitors ketoconazole and verapamilwere applied, respectively. A validated HPLC methodology was used to quantify the formation of 6-β-OH-testosterone and scintillation counting was used to quantify the transport of 3H-digoxin in Caco-2 cells. All clones showed potent inhibition of CYP3A4 and P-gp activities, with IC50 values ranging from 1.7 to 3.1 μg/mL and from 16.7 to 51.7 μg/ mL, respectively, being below that reported for other herbs and some known classic drug inhibitors, such as St. John’s wort and fluoxetine. Rhodiola rosea might thus be a candidate for clinically relevant drug interactions. The concentration of presumed biologically active constituents in the different clones varied considerably, but this variationwas not related to the clones’ inhibitory potential on CYP3A4 or P-gp activities. Other constituents might thus be responsible for the observed inhibitory properties. The place of origin seemed to be of minor importance for CYP3A4 or P-gp inhibition.
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Mette ThomsenSammendrag
At bregnen strutseving er spiselig er ikke så godt kjent. At den også er en svært næringsrik plante burde få flere til å bruke den. Strutseving er en godt synlig bregne i den norske natur. Den kan bli rundt 2 m høy og vokser ofte i store grupper. Den forekommer i lavlandet i det meste av Norge, men er mindre vanlig i ytre Agder, Rogaland og Finmark (Lid og Lid 1994). For øvrig forekommer den sirkumboreal i et belte rundt den nordlige halvkulen gjennom Europa, Asia og Nordamerika. Det latinske navn er Matteúccia struthiópteris (L.) Tod. På norsk kjennes planten bl.a. under navnet strutseving eller bispestav, og på engelsk Ostrich fern og "fiddleheads". Strutseving og Ostrich fern kommer fra det latinske struthiópteris og refererer til formen på de utvokste bladene, mens navnet bispestav og det engelske fiddelheads viser til formen på de spiselige nye skudd. http://www.skogoglandskap.no/Artsbeskrivelser/strutseving
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Kathrine Høybakk Anita Tøsse T. Nilsen Silje Engdal Bent Håvard Hellum Jens Rohloff Mette Thomsen Odd Georg NilsenSammendrag
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Det er både et politisk og helsefaglig ønske om økt forbruk av frukt og grønnsaker i Norge, og det er enighet om at det er nødvendig med god produktkvalitet for å oppnå dette. Grunnlaget for å oppnå bedre kvalitet, med spesiell fokus på god smak og helseeffekter, må være bedre kjennskap til hvordan de dyrkningsmessige faktorene påvirker disse.
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Det ble gitt en gjennomgang av resultat fra norske forskningsprosjekt
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Forskningsresultater innenfor forebyggende og direkte tiltak for kontroll av rotugras i økologisk korndyrking ble gjennomgått. I løpet av kort tid vil det bli etablert en "link" til PDF filer med presentasjonene fra møtet i Rygge 27. novemer 2007.
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To stabilize organic cereal production systems it is necessary to control Canadian thistle (Cirsium arvense) and other perennial weed species. The aim of the two presented experiments (I and II) has been to evaluate the effects of mechanical treatment in spring combined with competition from a one season cover crop. In both experiments we used the same mixture of cover crops; phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The first experiment (I) was arranged in a complete factorial split-plot design. In this experiment different root burial depths and root lengths of C. arvense simulated different mechanical treatments. Use of cover crop was the single factor that most effectively reduced the gain of biomass of C. arvense. At the final harvest combined treatment of deep root burial (15 cm), short root length (5 cm) and cover crop reduced number of new shoots of C. arvense by 95% and root biomass by 97% compared to shallow burial and no cover crop. At minimum regenerative capacity of C. arvense the number of leaves were 2 to 6 for the treatment with cover crop and 4 to 8 for the treatment without cover crop. In the second experiment (II), which had a complete factorial design, ± ploughing in autumn was combined with different fallow strategies in spring before sowing the cover crop. The disc harrowing during the fallow period was performed either 2x when fallow lasted for 3 weeks, or 4x when fallow lasted for 6 weeks. Additionally, all combinations of ± ploughing in autumn and length of the fallow period were combined with ± ploughing before sowing the cover crop (all together 8 treatments). In two additional subplots shallow ploughing preceded the autumn ploughing treatment (± ploughing). Preliminary results from experiment II confirms in general the conclusions from experiment I. Combining soil tillage and competition from a fast growing cover crop have potential for retarding perennial weeds. The classical approach for controlling couch grass (Elymus repens) was confirmed in this experiment, the longer soil tillage period the better weed control, and the soil tillage period should be proceeded by a deep ploughing. Ploughing in the autumn gave no additional effect on couch grass. Best control of Canadian thistle was obtained when only shallow ploughing was performed in the autumn, followed by a 6 week soil tillage period (3 weeks was not tested here) in spring and early summer and completed by ploughing before sowing the green manure cover crop. In conclusion, the experiments showed that intensive soil tillage combined with competition from a cover crop gave promising results for weed control. Due to the positive effect of moderate tillage operations attention to factors as nutrient supply, soil structure and energy use may still be ensured while a satisfying weed control is obtained.
Sammendrag
Cover crops are included in cropping systems to achieve various ecological benefits. In stockless organic cereal systems, nitrogen is commonly supplied by undersowing a legume shortly after sowing of cereals. Retarded growth of annual weeds is considered as an additional benefit of using cover crops. There is, however, less knowledge on the influence of undersown cover crops on the growth of perennial weeds. This issue was addressed in a field experiment at Ås in southeast Norway. For obtaining an experimental field with uniform distribution of the perennial weed species, root fragments of Cirsium arvense and Sonchus arvensis and rhizomes of Elymus repens, were transplanted by hand in the spring of 2001. A split plot design with 3 replications was initiated in 2002 and continued until the autumn of 2006. Barley undersown with red clover versus barley alone composed the two main plot treatments, except in 2006, in which barley was grown without red clover in the whole field. This was combined with four sub-plot mechanical treatments in the autumn: 1) untreated control; 2) mowing; 3) rotary tilling and 4) shallow ploughing plus harrowing. The autumn treatments were only carried out in 2004 and 2005. Number of weeds was counted at different dates throughout the growing season, and weed biomass was assessed just before harvest. Preliminary results indicate that red clover undersown in barley, compared to barley alone, reduced the biomass of established stands of S. arvensis by 50%, 42% and 13% in 2004, 2005 and 2006 respectively. The effect on E. repens varied from +10% in 2004 to -42% in 2005 and -50% in 2006. There was no suppression on established stands of C. arvense (+10%, 0 % and +70%). Of the autumn mechanical treatments rotary tilling and shallow ploughing most effectively retarded the growth of perennial weeds, especially C. arvense and E. repens. Rotary tilling and shallow ploughing reduced mean weed biomass for 2005 and 2006 of C. arvense by 80% (rotary tilling) and 40% (shallow ploughing), and E. repens by 77% and 89%, respectively. Mowing and shallow ploughing reduced mean weed biomass for 2005 and 2006 of S. arvensis most effectively, with a reduction of 62% for both treatments. Although the results need more attention before detailed recommendations can be given, the study indicates clearly that the effect of different mechanical treatments in the autumn depend on weed species.
Forfattere
Helge Sjursen Lars Olav Brandsæter Anne-Kristin Løes Trond Henriksen Mette Thomsen Ragnar EltunSammendrag
Tradisjonelt er grønngjødslingseffekten den viktigste årsaken til å benytte kløver underkultur i korn. I flere omfattende forsøk har vi imidlertid nå studert hvordan bruk av underkultur i korn påvirker veksten til både ett- og flerårig ugras.
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Rotugras skaper ofte problemer i økologiske omløp dominert av korn. I de beskrevne forsøkene har vi sett på ulike metoder for bekjemping av åkertistel (Cirsium arvense) og andre rotugras i ettårig grønngjødslingseng. Mest fokus har vi gjort på kombinasjonen vårbrakking før såing av grønngjødslingsvekst.
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Poster om kontroll av åkertistel ved å kombinere jordarbeiding (brakking) og såing av konkurransesterk grønngjødslingsvekst etterpå
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Foredraget ga en oversikt over forskningsaktivitten på kontroll av flerårig ugras innenfor det strategiske instituttprogrammet "ØKOKORN" (2003-2007).
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Nåleprøver ble innsamlet fra 180 grantrær på 45 flater i Sørøst-Norge. Det var generelt lavere konsentrasjon av kationer og mineralnæringsstoffer henholdsvis i humuslaget og i nåler i den sørligste del av landet, samt et høyere innhold av N. Ved fortsatt tilførsel av N, er det sannsynlig at det i trærne vil oppstå sterkere mangel på næringsstoffer som K og P. På grunn av den geografiske spredningen i materialet styres trærnes vitalitet i hovedsak av de naturlige vekstbetingelsene, samt av konsentrasjonen av nitrogen i nålene og pH i humuslaget, og viser ingen geografiske trender.
Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
HAKKET BEDRE ØKO: Enklere dyrking med jorddekke i økologiske radvekster, for effektiv produksjon og økt motivasjon
I Hakket bedre-prosjektet vil vi bidra til økt produksjon av økologiske grønnsaker i Norge ved å undersøke hvordan plantehakk kan brukes som jorddekke og bidra til å redusere ugras, øke næringstilførselen og bærekraften i produksjonen.
Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
Mulching of organically grown row crops, for easy growing and increased farmers’ motivation – HAKKET BEDRE ØKO (“Mulch organic”)
The project aims at increasing the production of organically grown vegetables in Norway by studying how a mulch layer of chopped plant material (mulch) may reduce weed and improve nutrient supply.
Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
Bio-farming for bioactive compounds
The objective of "Bio-farming for bioactive compounds" is to increase value in the Norwegian agricultural sector by producing bioactive compounds (phytogens) for addition to feed and packaging materials aimed to 1) increase shelf life of salmon feed 2) reduce winter ulcers in farmed fish 3) improve the health and intestinal flora in poultry, and 4) designing biodegradable and antimicrobial packaging materials.
Divisjon for miljø og naturressurser
Producing advanced bio-based fertilizers from fisheries wastes - SEA2LAND
The aim of SEA2LAND is to valorize waste/residues from fishereis and aquaculture as fertilisers and soil improvers. This is a European project with partners from Malta and other Meditranean countries in the south to Norway in the north as well as in Chile in South America. A large number of products will be developed and tested across Europe. The goal is to develop products ready for market. In Norway we focus on fish sludge from aquaculture.
Divisjon for miljø og naturressurser
Fiskeslam for eksport og i økologisk jordbruk?
Fiskeslam er et godt gjødselprodukt, mye av NIBIO's forskning har vist det. Det er likevel ikke godkjent i økologisk jordbruk, og heller ikke som gjødselprodukt i EU. I dette prosjektet ser vi på mulighetene til å endre dette.
Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
Innlandsull: økt verdiskaping av ull hos sauebønder i Innlandet fylke.
Formålet med prosjektet er verdiskaping i fjelllandbruket for den enkelte sauebonde, for beitenæringen og næringsaktører i verdikjeden for ull. Videre å bidra med et kunnskapsgrunnlag som tilrettelegger for næringsvirksomhet basert på bærekraftig utnyttelse og produksjon av nedklassifisert ull som ressurs i utvalget "Fjellandbrukskommuner" i Innlandet.
Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
Vill Vekst i fjellet.
Sanking, kultivering, høsting og bruk av ville spiselige vekster i fjell-landbruket i Innlandet fylke, Oslo og Viken, Trøndelag, Vestfold og Telemark.
Divisjon for matproduksjon og samfunn
Sustainable growth of the Norwegian Horticulture Food System – GreenRoad GS35 (“GrøntStrategi mot 2035)
The main aim of GreenRoad is to deliver knowledge and solutions for increased value creation and sustainability in the horticultural food system in Norway.