Publikasjoner
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2008
Sammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Marianne Stenrød J Perceval P Benoit Marit Almvik Randi Bolli Ole Martin Eklo Tore E. Sveistrup Jens KværnerSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Sammendrag
The frequency with which ewe lambs lay on wooden surfaces at two levels, called ``double bunks,"" was documented by video recording at 6, 11 and 18 months of age: the number in each of 4 pens (n = 4) lying either on double bunks (DBs) or on the expanded metal floor (EMF) was recorded. At 6 months, lambs were sheared half way through the research period and DBs of two different heights (50/60 cm) and depths (60/75 cm) were tested. At other ages the lambs were sheared before testing and all DBs were the 60 cm 60 cm design. Fully fleeced lambs aged 6 months preferred to lie on EMF rather than DB (P < 0.001). After shearing, the use of EMF for resting declined (P < 0.05) and no significant preference between EMF and DB was found. The lambs tended to lie less when newly sheared (P = 0.06). At 11 months, sheared lambs used DB just as much as EMF, whereas 18 month old sheared ewe lambs tended to choose DB to lie on (P = 0.09). At 6 months, there was a tendency for more lambs to rest at ground level in the DB when headroom was higher at 60 cm (P = 0.1). No other preferences between DB designs were found. The results are discussed according to the regulations for organic sheep farming in Norway. The lambs showed little preference for resting on a DB compared to EMF, so there is insufficient evidence to recommend a two-level, wooden lying area for sheep.
Sammendrag
Tannin-enriched extracts from raspberry, cloudberry and strawberry were analysed by liquid chromatography"mass spectrometric (LC"MS) techniques. The raspberry and cloudberry extracts contained a similar mixture of identifiable ellagitannin components and ellagic acid. However, the strawberry extract contained a complex mixture of ellagitannin and proanthocyanidin components that could not be adequately resolved to allow identification of individual peaks. Nevertheless, the negative ESI-MS spectra obtained by direct infusion mass spectrometric (DIMS) analysis described the diversity of these samples. For example, the predominance of signals associated with Lambertianin C in cloudberry and Sanguiin H6 in raspberry tannin extracts could be discerned and the diversity of signals from procyanidin and propelargonidin oligomers could be identified in the strawberry extract. The dose response for the main ellagitannin-derived signals in the raspberry tannin sample revealed a saturation effect probably due to ion suppression effects in the ion trap spectrometer. Nevertheless, DIMS spectra of whole berry extracts described qualitative differences in ellagitannin-derived peaks in raspberry, cloudberry and strawberry samples. In addition, positive mode DIMS spectra illustrated qualitative differences in the anthocyanin composition of berries of progeny from a raspberry breeding population that had been previously analysed by LC"MS. This suggests that DIMS could be applied to rapidly assess differences in polyphenol content, especially in large sample sets such as the progeny from breeding programmes.
Forfattere
Gert Andersson Patrik Flisberg Bertil Lidén Mikael RönnqvistSammendrag
We describe the decision support system RuttOpt, which is developed for scheduling logging trucks in the forest industry. The system is made up of a number of modules. One module is the Swedish road database NVDB, which consists of detailed information of all of the roads in Sweden. This also includes a tool to compute distances between locations. A second module is an optimization routine that finds a schedule, i.e., set of routes for all trucks. This is based on a two-phase algorithm where linear programming and a standard tabu search method are used. A third module is a database storing all relevant information. At the center of the system is a user interface where information and results can be viewed on maps, Gantt schedules, and result reports. The RuttOpt system has been used in a number of case studies and we describe four of these. The case studies have been made in both forest companies and hauling companies. The cases range from 10 to 110 trucks and with a planning horizon ranging between 1 and 5 days. The results show that the system can be used to solve large case studies and that the potential savings are in the range 5%¿30%. Nous décrivons le système d¿aide à la décision RuttOpt, qui a été développé pour planifier le déplacement des grumiers dans l¿industrie forestière. Le système est composé de plusieurs modules. La base de données des routes suédoises (NVDB), qui contient des informations détaillées sur toutes les routes de la Suède, est l¿un de ces modules. Ce module contient également un outil qui permet de calculer la distance entre deux endroits. Un deuxième module est constitué d¿un sous-programme d¿optimisation qui permet de générer un calendrier de transport, c.-à-d. un ensemble de trajets pour tous les camions. Cette opération est réalisée à l¿aide d¿un algorithme à deux phases dans lequel la programmation linéaire et une méthode de recherche tabou standard sont utilisées. Le troisième module est une base de données qui permet d¿emmagasiner toutes les informations pertinentes. Au c@our du système se trouve u interface utilisateur qui permet de visualiser les informations et les résultats par le biais de cartes, de graphiques de Gantt et de rapports des résultats. Le système RuttOpt a été utilisé dans le cadre de plusieurs études de cas et nous décrivons quatre de ces études. Les études de cas ont été réalisées chez des compagnies forestières et des entreprises de transport. Selon le cas, le nombre de camions varie de 10 à 110 et l¿horizon de planification d¿un à 5 jours. Les résultats montrent que le système peut être utilisé pour résoudre des études de cas de grande taille et que les économies potentielles sont de l¿ordre de 5 % à 30 %.
Forfattere
Anne Kristine Søvik Nina SyversenSammendrag
Det er ikke registrert sammendrag
Forfattere
Espen Govasmark Bal Ram Singh John A. MacLeod Mark G GrimmettSammendrag
Selenium (Se) deficiency in Scandinavian soils is a common problem, and crops generally contain inadequate amounts to meet human need. This study shows a relationship of the Se concentration in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., c.v. 'Helena') and leaching water with timing of nitrogen (N) [as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)] and Se [as sodium selenate (Na2SeO4)] application. Ammonium-nitrate was applied by two methods (i) whole amount at sowing and (ii) in split application as 75% at sowing and 25% at stem elongation. Selenate was applied at cereal growth stages after sowing, e.g., tillering, stem elongation, head emergence, and milking. Split N application in comparison to one N application increased the grain protein content from 12.1 to 13.7 mg g(-1), and grain Se was increased from 0.8 to 1.1 mg kg(-1) when Se was applied at stem elongation and from 0.6 to 0.9 mg kg(-1) when applied at heading. The highest Se concentration in plant was achieved with the split N application and Se application at stem elongation or heading. Selenium leaching losses increased with increasing selenium concentration in the wheat grains. No differences in Se leaching losses were obtained with split N application. Applying selenate and ammonium-nitrate together after tillering increased the grain Se concentration, but did not affect the potential leaching of Se, and thus could be considered as an appropriate time of application of these elements.
Forfattere
Jihong Liu Clarke Carl Jonas Jorge Spetz Sissel Haugslien Shaochen Xing Merete Dees Roar Moe Dag-Ragnar BlystadSammendrag
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch) is reported here for the first time. Internode stem explants of poinsettia cv. Millenium were transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain LBA 4404, harbouring virus-derived hairpin (hp) RNA gene constructs to induce RNA silencing-mediated resistance to Poinsettia mosaic virus (PnMV). Prior to transformation, an efficient somatic embryogenesis system was developed for poinsettia cv. Millenium in which about 75% of the explants produced somatic embryos. In 5 experiments utilizing 868 explants, 18 independent transgenic lines were generated. An average transformation frequency of 2.1% (range 1.2-3.5%) was revealed. Stable integration of transgenes into the poinsettia nuclear genome was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Both single- and multiple-copy transgene integration into the poinsettia genome were found among transformants. Transgenic poinsettia plants showing resistance to mechanical inoculation of PnMV were detected by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). Northern blot analysis of low molecular weight RNA revealed that transgene-derived small interfering (si) RNA molecules were detected among the poinsettia transformants prior to inoculation. The Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methodology developed in the current study should facilitate improvement of this ornamental plant with enhanced disease resistance, quality improvement and desirable colour alteration. Because poinsettia is a non-food, non-feed plant and is not propagated through sexual reproduction, this is likely to be more acceptable even in areas where genetically modified crops are currently not cultivated.
Sammendrag
Norwegian field production of lettuce has increased considerably since the early 1990s. Disease problems rarely required fungicide applications before 1996, when lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) caused severe losses. From 2002 to 2004, surveys were conducted to identify fungal diseases in Buskerud, Vestfold and Ostfold counties in the south-east and Rogaland County in the south-west, representing the main lettuce production regions of Norway. The distribution and incidence of B. lactucae was highly variable, but this pathogen was the most important due to the destructive nature of uncontrolled epidemics. Septoria lactucae caused severe damage, but was found in only one field. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was the most widespread pathogen, found in 32% of the fields, but usually affecting less than 10% of the plants. Pythium tracheiphilum was reported from 33% of the fields in south-east Norway, but was not found in the south-west. Disease incidence was usually less than 5%, and a disease incidence of more than 10% was reported in one field only. Other pathogens of potential economic importance in Norwegian lettuce fields are Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, although they were sporadically distributed in relatively few fields in this survey.
Sammendrag
The Fusarium genus includes devastating plant pathogenic fungi that cause diseases in cereals around the world. They produce several mycotoxins, including the estrogenic compound zearalenone. To better understand the molecular mechanisms determining zearalenone production, we performed differential display RT-PCR under conditions where Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum produced high amounts of zearalenone. We found 133 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and 54 of these were considered to be up-regulated during high zearalenone production. Several of the ESTs were confirmed to be up-regulated by real-time qPCR, but none showed any significant down-regulation in the zearalenone negative mutant Delta PKS4-T9, or were similar to typical gene expression patterns of previously described zearalenone-related genes. Some of the up-regulated ESTs were similar to genes involved in secondary metabolite production, lipid metabolism, transcriptional activation, provision of precursors, signal transduction, transport or detoxification. Several of the ESTs were also located adjacent to one another in the genome and therefore might represent genes involved in the same biosynthetic pathway. Members of six such putative pathways could be found. All sequences were compared to the MIPS F. graminearum Genome Database to verify autocalled gene predictions experimentally and to introduce new exons and gene structures.