Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2014
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Karoline Høyvik Marit S. Asklien Ketil Haarstad Elin Lovise GjengedalAbstract
Municipal solid waste landfills are expected to be potentially important sources of gaseous mercury (Hg)(Lindberg et al. 2005). Such emissions can be difficult to locate and measure, since landfills can have diffuse, non-point emissions and the gas can also escape horizontally over large distances in unsaturated layers. The primary objective in this work was to investigate the possibility of depletion of gaseous mercury by means of moss transplants. The investigation was carried out at Solgård waste disposal site, an active landfill since its start-up in 1978, located in Moss, Norway. Today the landfill is licensed as a landfill for ordinary waste. The area of the landfill is estimated to be about 204 000 m2. Goodman and Roberts (1971) first introduced the “moss bag” technique, which was later modified by Little and Martin (1974). Hylocomium splendens, known for its capability as bio monitor since 1968 (Ruhling & Tyler 1968), was collected from an uncontaminated site, dried at room temperature and loaded in fine meshed nylon nets. Moss bags were made up of a frame of 10 x 10 cm square of thin wood sticks, filled with 1 gram of moss finely distributed and covered up by the nets. The moss bags were placed in two heights, about 40 and 100 cm above ground. A total of 130 moss bags were placed at suitable locations covering the landfill surface, with special attention to such places as gas vents and locations with suspicious odours. For comparison, moss bags were also placed a couple of kilometres north, south, west and east of the landfill. The exposure time was 6 months, lasting from primo October 2013 until the end of March 2014. About 0.2 g samples of air dried moss were subjected to acid digestion in a closed microwave system (260 0C) prior to analysis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, using an Agilent 8800 QQQ instrument. Results from ongoing work will be presented. References Goodman, G. T. & Roberts, T. M. (1971). Plants and soils as indicators of metals in the air. Nature, 231 (5301): 287-292. Lindberg, S., Southworth, G., Prestbo, E., Wallschläger, D., Bogle, M. & Price, J. (2005). Gaseous methyl-and inorganic mercury in landfill gas from landfills in Florida, Minnesota, Delaware, and California. Atmospheric Environment, 39 (2): 249-258. Little, P. & Martin, M. H. (1974). Biological Monitoring of Heavy metal pollution. Environmental Pollution, 6: 1-19. Ruhling, A., & Tyler, G. (1968). An ecological approach to lead problem. Botaniska Notiser, 121(3), 21.
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Authors
O. Janne Kjønaas Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Ari Hietala Hugh Cross Tonje Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg Kjersti Holt HanssenAbstract
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Authors
Tonje Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg O. Janne Kjønaas Kjersti Holt Hanssen Nicholas ClarkeAbstract
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A wide range of forest products and industries have been examined in life cycle analyses (LCA). Life cycle data are essential for identifying forestry operations that contribute most to carbon emissions. Forestry can affect net CO2 emissions by changing carbon stocks in biomass, soil and products, by supplying biofuels to replace fossil fuels as well as by establishing new forests. The transport of forest products is crucial to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We conceptualize the chain from seed production, silviculture, harvesting, and timber transport to the industry as a system. Inputs to the system are energy and fuel, the output represents GHG emissions. The reference functional unit used for the inventory analysis and impact assessment is one cubic meter of harvested timber under bark. GHG emissions from forestry in East Norway were calculated for the production of one such unit delivered to the industry gate in 2010 (cradle-to-gate inventory), showing that timber transport from the forest to the final consumer contributed with more than 50 % to the total GHG emissions. To assess uncertainty of model approaches, the LCA was conducted with two different models, SimaPro and GaBi, both using the Ecoinvent database with data adapted to European conditions.