Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2021
Authors
Chedly Kastally Alina Katariina Niskanen Annika Perry Sonja T. Kujala Komlan Avia Sandra Cervantes Matti Haapanen Robert Kesälahti Timo A. Kumpula Tiina M. Mattila Dario Isidro Ojeda Alayon Jaakko S. Tyrmi Witold Wachowiak Stephen Cavers Katri Kärkkäinen Outi Savolainen Tanja PyhäjärviAbstract
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Divina Gracia P. RodriguezAbstract
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Authors
Cornelya Klutsch Simo Maduna Natalia Polikarpova Kristin Forfang Benedicte Lissner Beddari Karl Øystein Gjelland Paul Eric Aspholm Per-Arne Amundsen Snorre HagenAbstract
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Authors
Wendy FjellstadAbstract
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Authors
Adam O'TooleAbstract
Biochar is emerging as a promising solution for increasing carbon in soil, improving the fertility of selected soils, and mitigating N2O emissions from agricultural soils. In Norway,biochar is high on the agenda of potential actions to address climate change. Farmers, farmer organizations and authorities wish to know more about effects of biochar on Norwegian soils and environmental impacts. This Ph.D. thesis reports results from four field based studies, which document both agronomic and environmental impacts of biochar application in grain and vegetable production systems in Norway. Paper I:III report results from a 4 year field experiment in a silty clam loam in flat terrain in Ås, Norway. In Paper I, I assessed the impact of applying 11.6 and 31.5 t ha-1 miscanthus biochar on soil physical properties, soil microbial biomass and oat and barley yield. Soil volumetric water content was significantly higher and bulk density was significantly lower at the higher biochar application rate. However, there was no significant effect of biochar on soil aggregate stability, pore size distribution, penetration resistance, microbial biomass, basal respiration and barley and oat yields over four years. At the same field site in Ås, Paper II assessed the impact of new vs aged biochar on N2O and CH4 fluxes in two field seasons. New biochar additions at 31.5 t ha-1 significantly reduced N2O by 80% in a single peak event post-harvest in 2012 whereas 2-year aged biochar emitted 41% less N2O flux compared to the control (not significant). In 2014, new biochar application induced more N2O emission than the control whereas aged biochar did not differ. However, the magnitude of N2O emissions in 2014 was 2-6 times less than in 2012 due to much drier weather, so the net effect over two field seasons was that new biochar mitigated N2O more than it stimulated it. Analysis of aged vs new biochar shows that biochar loses its alkalinity over 2-4 years and this may explain the weaker N2O mitigation effect in aged compared to new biochar. In contrast to previous studies, I found that aged biochar did not reduce the soil CH4 sink capacity but instead improved it during peak CH4 emission events. New biochar did not differ from the control in CH4 flux. Cumulative emissions of CO2, N2O and CH4 did not differ between treatments in 2012 and 2014 due to the high standard deviation recorded within treatments, which is common in GHG field studies using closed chamber measurements. In Paper III, we documented the mobility and fate of biochar 5 years after application. We measured the vertical (0-60cm) and lateral (9 m from plot edge) transport of biochar in the field at Ås. After 5 years, we accounted for 92-107% ±6 of the applied biochar. Forty-five to seventy two percent of biochar was present in the 0-23 cm plough layer within plot boundaries, 22-31% was vertically transported to 23-60 cm depth, 0-21% had moved laterally within 9 m of the plot boundary and 4% was mineralized as CO2. Under laboratory tests, I found that biochar was easily released from soil aggregates when exposed to water slaking. However, considering the high recovery rates we achieved after 5 years we conclude that erosive loss of biochar via slaking was not a significant risk factor in this flat field site where biochar was well incorporated into the soil. Due to the moderate amount of biochar that is vertically transported below the plough layer I recommend that future soil sampling strategies designed to document biochar C stocks considers this vertical movement. In the final study, Paper IV, we cooperated with a commercial farmer to test the synergistic fertilization effect of biochar added as 20% and 40% (V/V) to liquid anaerobic digestate and applied the mixtures at 7 cm depth under spring onion planting rows in a coarse sandy soil.
Authors
Caroline Chylinski Sokratis Ptochos Berit Marie Blomstrand Håvard Steinshamn Inga Marie Aasen Karl-Christian Mahnert Stig Milan Thamsborg Spiridoula AthanasiadouAbstract
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Authors
David Natcher Ingrid Kvalvik Olafur Reykdal Kristin Beate Hansen Florent Govaerts Silje Elde Bjørg Helen Nøstvold Rune Rødbotten Sigridur Dalmannsdottir Hilde Halland Eivind Uleberg Jón Árnason Páll Gunnar Pálsson Rakel Halldórsdóttir Óli Þór Hilmarsson Gunnar Þórðarson Þóra ValsdóttirAbstract
No abstract has been registered