Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2008
Abstract
Alpha-cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, is used as an insecticide in agricultural settings and is increasingly replacing organophosphates and carbamates because of lower application rates and lower toxicity to mammals. Because very little is known about the acute and chronic toxicity of this compound for soil-living organisms, the present study investigated acute and sublethal toxicity of alpha-cypermethrin for four terrestrial invertebrate species in an agricultural soil from Norway. Bioassays with the earthworm Eisenia fetida, the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus, the springtail Folsomia candida, and the land snail Helix aspersa were performed according to slightly modified versions of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Paris, France) or International Organization for Standardization (Geneva, Switzerland) guidelines and resulted in median lethal concentrations of greater than >1,000 to 31.4 mg/kg and sublethal no-observed-effect concentrations of 2.51 to 82 mg/kg. A high acute to chronic ratio was found, especially in the earthworms. Interspecies differences in sensitivity may be explained by differences in exposure and differences in metabolization rate. When based on measured pore-water concentrations, terrestrial species overall appear to be approximately one order of magnitude less sensitive than aquatic species. Effect assessments conducted according to European guideline for risk assessment of pesticides reveal that assessments based on acute toxicity tests are not always conservative enough to determine environmentally safe concentrations in soil. Mandatory incorporation of sublethal toxicity data will ensure that in regions with temperate climate, the effects of pesticides on populations of soil-living organisms are unlikely.
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Authors
Marit Almvik Gunnhild Riise Randi Bolli Agnethe Christiansen Sven R. Odenmarck Trond Børresen Cathrine Waage TveitAbstract
Although the sulfonylurea herbicides have been used for many years worldwide, few field studies have been performed and little is known about the occurrence, fate and transport of sulfonylureas in the field. This report presents results from the first controlled field and laboratory-studies on the fate of sulfonylurea herbicides in Norway and a method for sample preparation and LC-MS/MS analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in water samples is also presented.
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Tunnel wash waters characterize all waters that run of after washing procedures of tunnels are performed. These waters represent a wide spectrum of organic and inorganic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxic metals. Removal of such contaminants from water runoff was investigated using laboratory tests after washing procedure was performed on two road tunnels in eastern Norway (Hanekleiv and Bragernes). Due to diverse character of both, treatment media and treated wash waters, the whole investigation was divided into two separate laboratory experiments. The treatment efficiencies were established based on the levels of concentrations and reductions of the measured contaminants in the effluents released from the tested media. In the first part of the article, the contents of nonpolar oil (NPO), 16 individual PAHs, and total PAHs are described. This part revealed that the combination of two organic sorbent materials provided the highest treatment efficiency for wash waters released from the road tunnel and from electrostatic filters. The greatest reduction levels reached 97.6% for NPO, 97.2% for benzo[a]pyrene, and 96.5% for the total PAHs. In the second part of the article, the concentrations and the removal rates of toxic metals are reported.
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Anna Martha Elgersma Shivcharn S. Dhillion Arnold Arnoldussen Josef Fanta Eva BoucnikovaAbstract
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Anna Martha Elgersma Shivcharn S. Dhillion Arnold Arnoldussen Josef Fanta Eva BoucníkováAbstract
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Authors
Jørund Aasetre Vegard GundersenAbstract
Almost 80 % of Norwegians live in urban areas, making urban forests highly valuable. The multitude of values assigned to those forests creates conceptual challenges, especially incorporating humanistic and existentialistic views of man. The aim of this presentation is to propose a value taxonomy for urban forests that takes such views of man into consideration, and to suggest how this can be useful to managers. Methodologically the taxonomy is developed through a literature review of environmental philosophical and recreation management literature, and then tested through qualitative interviews with selected stakeholder groups in urban forests near Trondheim, Bergen and Oslo. Through the literature review demand values, instrumental values and constitutive values were identified as key categories. Demand values are utilitarian values appreciated for their own sake, while instrumental values are valued as means to get other values. Such concepts are used in philosophy by Ariansen (1997) and psychology by Rokeach (1973). Constitutive values are genuine non-utility values contributing to our deep felt self understanding, often subdivided into ethical, cultural identity and religious – spiritual values. Introducing constitutive values may help avoiding the trap of the `commodity metaphor` in the often utilitarian oriented management literature...