O. Janne Kjønaas
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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På oppdrag fra Miljødirektoratet og Landbruksdirektoratet har vi gått gjennom kunnskapsstatus på 11 ulike tiltak utvalgt av direktoratene. Alle tiltakene ligger innenfor det tradisjonelle bestandsskogbruket. Tiltakene er vurdert ut fra hvordan de kan øke skogens netto CO2-opptak (karbonlagring), men for noen tiltak også betydning for andre klimagasser og for biogeofysiske effekter som albedo. Utvalget er ikke uttømmende, og også andre tiltak gjennom omløpet vil ha effekt på skogens CO2-opptak. Potensielle substitusjonseffekter gjennom tilgang på mer tømmer eller tømmer med høyere kvalitet er ikke inkludert. Klimatilpasning har vært med i vurderingen av alle tiltak. Det er korte omtaler av tiltakenes effekter på naturmangfold.
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Ingeborg Callesen Marjo Palviainen Kęstutis Armolaitis Charlotte Rasmussen O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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Brunon Malicki Luis Morgado Jenni Nordén Marit Frederikke Markussen Bjorbækmo Olav Skarpaas O. Janne Kjønaas Bjørn Norden Håvard KauserudSammendrag
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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Sunil Mundra Håvard Kauserud Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Yngvild Eidissen Ransedokken O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
The replacement of native birch with Norway spruce has been initiated in Norway to increase long-term carbon storage in forests. However, there is limited knowledge on the impacts that aboveground changes will have on the belowground microbiota. We examined which effects a tree species shift from birch to spruce stands has on belowground microbial communities, soil fungal biomass and relationships with vegetation biomass and soil organic carbon (SOC). Replacement of birch with spruce negatively influenced soil bacterial and fungal richness and strongly altered microbial community composition in the forest floor layer, most strikingly for fungi. Tree species-mediated variation in soil properties was a major factor explaining variation in bacterial communities. For fungi, both soil chemistry and understorey vegetation were important community structuring factors, particularly for ectomycorrhizal fungi. The relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the ectomycorrhizal : saprotrophic fungal ratio were higher in spruce compared to birch stands, particularly in the deeper mineral soil layers, and vice versa for saprotrophs. The positive relationship between ergosterol (fungal biomass) and SOC stock in the forest floor layer suggests higher carbon sequestration potential in spruce forest soil, alternatively, that the larger carbon stock leads to an increase in soil fungal biomass.
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Forest management is an important tool for GHG mitigation by representing three carbon pools: living biomass, forest soil, and wood-based products. Additionally, increasing attention has been given to the potential for wood products to substitute fossil-intensive products as a climate mitigation strategy. The goal of this paper is to analyse the theoretical GHG effects of fully replacing four common non-wood products with wood-based products of ‘low’ and ‘high’ technology options that have a similar functionality: (1) Spruce particle board substituting polyurethane (PU) foam insulation board; (2) spruce cross-laminated timber beam (CLT) substituting steel beam; (3) birch energy wood substituting electric heating; and (4) birch plywood substituting plaster board. The analysis was based on forestry in Western Norway as a case study, where forests typically consist of naturally generated birch and expanding areas of planted Norway spruce. In this study we compare wood products derived from paired stands of Norway spruce and downy birch. The analysis showed that spruce gave a higher theoretical substitution effect relative to birch for the selected pairs of woody and non-woody products. CLT substituting steel beam gave the highest substitution effect, approximately 15% higher than particle board substituting PU foam board. The theoretical substitution effect in mass units of carbon per kg wood product for the two spruce wood products was approximately 17 times higher relative to substituting Norwegian hydro energy-based electric heating, whereas plywood substituting plaster board may in fact increase GHG emissions. As the gross emissions were relatively similar for the birch plywood and the spruce particle board, the major substitution effect was related to the avoided emission of the non-woody product rather than to the tree species per se. The paper concludes that the choice of product to be substituted was the key factor that determined the final substitution effects. Furthermore, the study showed that transportation was the single most important factor that affected the emissions between planting and delivery of the timber at production gate. The analysis enables informed decisions related to CO2-emissions at the various steps from tree planting to wood conversion, and underline the importance of informed decision related to the choice of substitution products.
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O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Gro Hylen Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg ØklandSammendrag
To increase the annual uptake of CO2 as well as the long-term storage of carbon (C) in forests, the Norwegian government consider large-scale replacements of native, deciduous forests with faster-growing species like Norway spruce. To assess the effects of tree species change on ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) stocks and soil chemistry, we used a paired plot approach including stands of native downy birch and planted 45 – 60-year-old Norway spruce. The birch stands were used as reference for the assessment of differences following the tree species change. We found significantly higher C and N stocks in living tree biomass in the spruce stands, whereas no significant differences were found for dead wood. The cover of understory species groups, and the C and N stocks of the aboveground understory vegetation was significantly higher in the birch stands. The tree species change did not affect the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock down to 1 m soil depth; however, the significantly higher stock in the forest floor of the spruce stands suggested a re-distribution of SOC within the profile. There was a significant positive correlation between the SOC stock down to 30 cm soil depth and the total ecosystem C stock for the birch stands, and a negative correlation for the spruce stands. Significant effects of tree species change were found for C and N concentrations, C/N, exchangeable acidity, base saturation, and exchangeable Ca, K, Mg, Na, S, and Fe in the organic horizon or the upper mineral soil layer. The total ecosystem C stock ranged between 197 and 277 Mg ha-1 for the birch stands, and 297 and 387 Mg ha-1 for the spruce stands. The ecosystem C accumulation varied between 32 and 142 Mg ha-1 over the past 45-60 years, whereas the net ecosystem C capture was considerably lower and potentially negative. Our results suggest that the potential to meet the governments’ targets to increase C sequestration depend on the C debt incurred from the removed birch stands, the rotation length, and potentially also the susceptibility of the different stand types to future risk factors related to climate change.
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Nicholas Clarke Lars Pødenphant Kiær O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Lars Vesterdal Inge Stupak Leena Finér Staffan Jacobson Kestutis Armolaitis Dagnija Lazdina Helena Marta Stefánsdóttir Bjarni D. SigurdssonSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Lars Pødenphant Kiær O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Lars Vesterdal Inge Stupak Leena Finér Staffan Jacobson Kestutis Armolaitis Dagnija Lazdina Helena Marta Stefánsdóttir Bjarni D. SigurdssonSammendrag
The use of biomass from forest harvesting residues or stumps for bioenergy has been increasing in the northern European region in the last decade. The present analysis is a regional review from Nordic and UK coniferous forests, focusing on the effects of whole-tree harvesting (WTH) or whole-tree thinning (WTT) and of WTH followed by stump removal (WTH + S) on the forest floor and mineral soil, and includes a wider array of chemistry data than other existing meta-analyses. All intensified treaments led to significant decreases of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and total N stock in the forest floor (FF), but relative responses compared with stem-only harvesting were less consistent in the topsoil (TS) and no effects were detected in the subsoil (SS). Exchangeable P was reduced in the FF and TS both after WTT and WTH, but significant changes in exchangeable Ca, K, Mg and Zn depended on soil layer and treatment. WTH significantly lowered pH and base saturation (BS) in the FF, but without apparent changes in cation exchange capacity (CEC). The only significant WTH-effects in the SS were reductions in CEC and BS. Spruce- and pine-dominated stands had comparable negative relative responses in the FF for most elements measured except Mg and for pH. Relative responses to intensified harvesting scaled positively with growing season temperature and precipitation for most variables, most strongly in FF, less in the TS, but almost never in the SS, but were negative for P and Al. The greater reduction in FF and TS for soil organic carbon after intensive harvesting decreased with time and meta-regression models predicted an average duration of 20–30 years, while many other chemical parameters generally showed linear effects for 30–45 years after intensified harvesting. Exchangeable acidity (EA), BS and pH all showed the reversed effect with time, i.e. an initial increase and then gradual decrease over 24–45 years. The subsoil never showed a significant temporal effect. Our results generally support greater reductions in nutrient concentrations, SOC and total N in forest soil after WTH compared with SOH in northern temperate and boreal forest ecosystems.
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O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Gro Hylen Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Håvard Kauserud Sunil MundraSammendrag
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Sunil Mundra O. Janne Kjønaas Luis Morgado Anders Kristian Krabberød Yngvild Ransedokken Håvard KauserudSammendrag
Soil depth represents a strong physiochemical gradient that greatly affects soil-dwelling microorganisms. Fungal communities are typically structured by soil depth, but how other microorganisms are structured is less known. Here, we tested whether depth-dependent variation in soil chemistry affects the distribution and co-occurrence patterns of soil microbial communities. This was investigated by DNA metabarcoding in conjunction with network analyses of bacteria, fungi, as well as other micro-eukaryotes, sampled in four different soil depths in Norwegian birch forests. Strong compositional turnover in microbial assemblages with soil depth was detected for all organismal groups. Significantly greater microbial diversity and fungal biomass appeared in the nutrient-rich organic layer, with sharp decrease towards the less nutrient-rich mineral zones. The proportions of copiotrophic bacteria, Arthropoda and Apicomplexa were markedly higher in the organic layer, while patterns were opposite for oligotrophic bacteria, Cercozoa, Ascomycota and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Network analyses indicated more intensive inter-kingdom co-occurrence patterns in the upper mineral layer (0–5 cm) compared to the above organic and the lower mineral soil, signifying substantial influence of soil depth on biotic interactions. This study supports the view that different microbial groups are adapted to different forest soil strata, with varying level of interactions along the depth gradient.
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Ryan Bright Mette Hansen Gro Hylen Håvard Kauserud Sunil Mundra Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Morten Simonsen Tonje Ingeborg Økland Carlo AallSammendrag
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As a carbon dioxide removal measure, the Norwegian government is currently considering a policy of large-scale planting of spruce (Picea abies (L) H. Karst) on lands in various states of natural transition to a forest dominated by deciduous broadleaved tree species. Given the aspiration to bring emissions on balance with removals in the latter half of the 21st century in effort to limit the global mean temperature rise to “well below” 2°C, the effectiveness of such a policy is unclear given relatively low spruce growth rates in the region. Further convoluting the picture is the magnitude and relevance of surface albedo changes linked to such projects, which typically counteract the benefits of an enhanced forest CO2 sink in high-latitude regions. Here, we carry out a rigorous empirically based assessment of the terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) potential of large-scale spruce planting in Norway, taking into account transient developments in both terrestrial carbon sinks and surface albedo over the 21st century and beyond. We find that surface albedo changes would likely play a negligible role in counteracting tCDR, yet given low forest growth rates in the region, notable tCDR benefits from such projects would not be realized until the second half of the 21st century, with maximum benefits occurring even later around 2150. We estimate Norway's total accumulated tCDR potential at 2100 and 2150 (including surface albedo changes) to be 447 (±240) and 852 (±295) Mt CO2-eq. at mean net present values of US$ 12 (±3) and US$ 13 (±2) per ton CDR, respectively. For perspective, the accumulated tCDR potential at 2100 represents around 8 years of Norway's total current annual production-based (i.e., territorial) CO2-eq. emissions.
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Ryan Bright Gro Hylen Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Mette Hansen Sunil Mundra Håvard Kauserud Morten Simonsen Carlo AallSammendrag
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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Liz Veerman Karsten Kalbitz Per Gundersen O. Janne Kjønaas Filip Moldan Patrick Schleppi Emiel E. van Loon Jorien Schoorl Wim Wessel Albert TietemaSammendrag
Increased anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs can alter the N cycle and affect forest ecosystem functions. The impact of increased N deposition depends among others on the ultimate fate of N in plant and soil N pools. Short-term studies (3-18 months) have shown that the organic soil layer was the dominant sink for N. However, longer time scales are needed to investigate the long-term fate of N. Therefore, the soils of four experimental forest sites across Europe were re-sampled similar to 2 decades after labelling with(15)N. The sites covered a wide range of ambient N deposition varying from 13 to 58 kg N ha(-1)year(-1). To investigate the effects of different N loads on(15)N recovery, ambient N levels were experimentally increased or decreased. We hypothesized that: (1) the mineral soil would become the dominant(15)N sink after 2 decades, (2) long-term increased N deposition would lead to lower(15)N recovery levels in the soil and (3) variables related to C dynamics would have the largest impact on(15)N recovery in the soil. The results show that large amounts of the added(15)N remain in the soil after 2 decades and at 2 out of 4 sites the(15)N recovery levels are higher in the mineral soil than in the organic soil. The results show no clear responses of the isotopic signature to the changes in N deposition. Several environmental drivers are identified as controlling factors for long-term(15)N recovery. Most drivers that significantly contribute to(15)N recovery are strongly related to the soil organic matter (SOM) content. These findings are consistent with the idea that much of the added(15)N is immobilized in the SOM. In the organic soil layer, we identify C stock, thickness of the organic layer, N-status and mean annual temperature of the forest sites as most important controlling factors. In the mineral soil we identify C stock, C content, pH, moisture content, bulk density, temperature, precipitation and forest stand age as most important controlling factors. Overall, our results show that these temperate forests are capable of retaining long-term increased N inputs preferably when SOM availability is high and SOM turnover and N availability are low.
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O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Ryan Bright Mette Hansen Gro Hylen Håvard Kauserud Sunil Mundra Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Morten Simonsen Tonje Ingeborg Økland Carlo AallSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Ryan Bright Mette Hansen Gro Hylen Håvard Kauserud Sunil Mundra Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Carlo AallSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Hansen Mette Sunil Mundra Håvard Kauserud Gro Hylen Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode NordbakkenSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Ryan Bright Mette Hansen Gro Hylen Håvard Kauserud Sunil Mundra Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Carlo AallSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Ivika Ostonen Lars Vesterdal Raija Laiho Tuula Larmola Edda S. Oddsdóttir Zane Libiete Iveta Varnagirytė-KabašinskienėSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Ryan Bright Mette Hanssen Gro Hylen Håvard Kauserud Tonje Ingeborg Økland Mundra Sunil Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Carlo AallSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Sunil Mundra Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Mette Hansen Gro Hylen Håvard KauserudSammendrag
Tree species change has been suggested as one of the government policies to mitigate climate change in Nor-way with the aim to increase the annual uptake of CO2 and the long-term storage of carbon (C) in forests. The strategy includes replacing native, deciduous species with fast-growing species, mainly Norway spruce. A shift in tree species is expected to affect the pools and fluxes of C in the stand as well as the microbial community. As part of the BalanC project, we assess C storage related to shift in tree species cover in western Norway and whether a corresponding shift in soil microbial communities are happening. The study aim at integrating results on soil respiration, C mineralization, soil stability, diversity of bacteria, fungi and micro-eukaryotes, soil nutrient pools, litter inputs and edaphic factors at the stand level in order to identify key drivers for changes in the soil C stocks. Fifteen paired plots of native birch and planted Norway spruce at five locations were sampled. Prelimi-nary results suggests a redistribution of C from the mineral soil to the forest floor in the spruce stands, with minor changes in the total soil C pools over the 45-60 years since the tree species change. The in situ soil respi-ration and heterothropic respiration, as well as C mineralization rates, were higher in birch than in spruce stands. Differences in C mineralization rates attenuate with depth between forest types. The microbial com-munities of the three organismal groups were all strongly structured along the vertical depth.
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O. Janne Kjønaas Sunil Mundra Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Mette Hansen Gro Hylen Håvard KauserudSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Gro Hylen Ryan Bright Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Teresa G. Bárcena Carlo AallSammendrag
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The boreal forest is a key ecosystem for global C sequestration and storage. Microorganisms in soil have crucial functions in regulating these processes. Fungi are typically sharply structured with soil depth, but we largely lack such information for other microorganism, including bacteria and other micro-eukaryotes. To improve our knowledge of how different microorganisms are structured vertically and how they might interact, we investi-gated the communities of bacteria, fungi and micro-eukaryotes in four different soil horizons in natural birch forests in Western Norway. The communities of all three organismal groups were strongly structured along the vertical depth. Our results support the hypothesis that natural decrease in nutrient availability and pH differ-ences between organic and mineral horizons affect the distribution of soil microorganisms. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Planctomycetes dominated in the uppermost organic layer while Acidobacteria and Firmicu-tes in mineral layers. Proportionally, fungi dominated in mineral layers whereas other micro-eukaryotes (Meta-zoa, Apicomplexa, Conosa, Ochrophyta and Chlorophyta) in organic layers. Ascomycota were relatively more abundant in mineral layers compared to Basidiomycota and Cryptomycota. Nematoda, Annelida and Arthropo-da showed decreasing trends with depth. Furthermore, different optima in the depth distribution of ectomy-corrhizal and saprotrophic genera was observed, supporting the view that different genera are adapted to different niches along the soil depth gradient. Network analyses will be used to infer tentative biotic interac-tions between the microbial groups and how this varies with soil depth.
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Background and aims Decomposition of the finest harvest residues is important for the carbon and nutrient cycle in forest ecosystems both before and after tree felling. We assumed that decomposition is dependent on harvest residue fraction and chemistry, soil temperature and moisture, and aimed at determining decomposition rates and nutrient dynamics of needles, twigs and fine roots from newly felled Picea abies trees in two sites with different climate and topography. Methods Decomposition of needles, twigs and fine roots in mesh bags was followed for up to six years and four years in harvesting sites in eastern and western Norway, respectively. The western site had a more humid climate and a steeper terrain than the eastern site. Results The mass loss after two years was significantly higher for needles (49–59%) than for twigs and fine roots (29–38%). Between sites, there was no significant difference between mass loss for neither needles nor twigs. Nitrogen accumulated in needles during the first year, but 35% of initial needle N had been released after three years. The initial needle and twig decomposition rate was dependent on soil moisture and topographic aspect. During the first three years, needle lignin concentrations retarded whereas P concentrations stimulated needle mass loss. For twigs, P concentrations stimulated mass loss, whereas higher soil temperatures reduced it. Conclusions Lignin and P concentrations of plant parts and soil temperature were the most important factors for the first three-year mass loss. The slow release of nutrients shows the importance of remaining needles, twigs and fine roots as a long-time nutrient source in the ecosystems under study.
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Nicholas Clarke Silje Skår O. Janne Kjønaas Kjersti Holt Hanssen Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Holger LangeSammendrag
Short-term (three to four years) effects of forest harvesting on soil solution chemistry were investigated at two Norway spruce sites in southern Norway, differing in precipitation amount and topography. Experimental plots were either harvested conventionally (stem-only harvesting, SOH) or whole trees, including crowns, twigs and branches were removed (whole-tree harvesting, WTH), leaving residue piles on the ground for some months before removal. The WTH treatment had two sub-treatments: WTH-pile where there had been piles and WTH-removal, from where residues had been removed to make piles. Increased soil solution concentrations of NO3–N, total N, Ca, Mg and K at 30 cm depth, shown by peaks in concentrations in the years after harvesting, were found at the drier, less steep site in eastern Norway after SOH and WTH-pile, but less so after WTH-removal. At the wetter, steeper site in western Norway, peaks were often observed also at WTH-removal plots, which might reflect within-site differences in water pathways due largely to site topography.
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Changes in forest management have been suggested as a government policy to mitigate climate change in Norway. Tree species change is one of the major strategies considered, with the aim to increase the annual uptake of CO2 as well as the long-term storage of carbon (C) in forests. The strategy includes replacing native, deciduous species with fast-growing species, mainly Norway spruce. Forests in western Norway host some of the largest soil C pools in Scandinavia, and may potentially function as a long-term C reservoir as well as a large source of atmospheric CO2 through decomposition. The project BalanC was initiated in 2016 in order to estimate the C storage potential related to tree species in a total of 15 parallel plots of birch and planted Norway spruce at 5 locations in western Norway. In addition to estimates of C stocks in biomass and soils, we investigate soil C processes, soil fungal and earthworm diversity, albedo, and wood product life-cycles. The current presentation focuses on C stocks in soils relative to trees, soil respiration, and soil climate data. Preliminary results indicate that the soil respiration in spruce was 85 % of the respiration in birch, with a span ranging from 55-151%. The preliminary soil temperature and soil moisture data of the spruce stands were 97 and 73%, respectively, of the birch stands, indicating cooler and drier conditions under spruce which may affect decomposition and C accumulation rates. We expect C allocation in the soil to be affected by tree species, with larger C stocks in the forest floor of spruce stands compared to the mineral soil. Consistent differences in the bulk density of soils under each tree species are likely to be observed, pointing out the need to compare soil C stocks based on equal soil mass. The magnitude of the combined C stock in biomass and soil may increase with planting of spruce, however, we also expect an impact on C stability that will affect the overall mitigation effect of this measure.
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For å verifisere beregningsmetoder og modeller for endringer av karbonlagre i skogsjord brukt i UNFCCC rapporteringen er det behov for data fra jordprøver med gjentak over tid og der prøvetakingsmetoder er konsistente. I Norge finnes ikke denne typen data på nasjonalt / landsdekkende nivå. For å møte behovet for verifisering av beregningsmetodikken brukt i UNFCCC rapporteringen innenfor rammene av eksisterende data med metodisk konsistens over tid, er det i denne undersøkelsen gjennomført ny prøvetaking av jord og vegetasjon i to etablerte forsøksfelt i skog i sør-øst Norge der vi fra før av både har data fra tidligere jordprøveanalyser og tilvekstdata for trær i skogsbestand. De to forsøksfeltene ligger på Nordmoen i Akershus (etablert 1973 og tilplantet 1974) og i Skiptvet i Østfold (etablert 1976 i eksisterende foryngelse med supplerplanting i 1977). Med nye jordprøver, biomassemålinger og vegetasjonsanalyser i 2011 gir dette to tidsserier på hhv. 38 og 34 år med hensyn på endringer i jordkarbon og inngangsverdier i beregningsmodellene. Den eksperimentelle behandlingen i Skiptvet omfatter ulik grad av treslagsblanding av bjørk og gran på de enkelte forsøksrutene, mens på Nordmoen sammenliknes rene bestand av hhv. bjørk, gran og furu. De klimatiske forhold er tilnærmet like, mens jordsmonntypen er ulik med næringsfattig sandjord på Nordmoen og næringsrik leirjord i Skiptvet. Resultatene fra forsøkene er begrenset til å representere klimatiske og vegetasjonsmessige forhold på Østlandet (og forhold tilsvarende de to lokalitetene), og forsøksfeltene er dermed ikke representative eksempelvis for kystnære og kontinentale strøk.
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O. Janne Kjønaas Tonje Ingeborg Økland Kjell Andreassen Arne Stuanes Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Gro HylenSammendrag
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Holger Lange Nicholas Clarke O. Janne Kjønaas Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Sebastian Sippel Tonje Ingeborg ØklandSammendrag
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Ingeborg Callesen Marjo M. Palviainen O. Janne Kjønaas Kȩstutis E. Armolaitis Charlotte RasmussenSammendrag
Soil texture is a key soil physical property for soil quality and used in modeling studies through pedotransfer functions (PTF) for the prediction of physical, e.g. hydraulic, soil properties. Soil texture is quantified by a particle size distribution (PSD) of the fine earth fraction and often translated into a texture class using defined separates of clay (0 - 2 µm), silt (2 µm to 20 µm, 50 µm or 63 µm) and sand (20 µm, 50 µm or 63 µm up to 2 mm) illustrated in a texture triangle. Until now pretreatment methods (e.g. humus and carbonate removal and dispersion) followed by standardised sedimentation and sieving methods have been well-defined. From literature and a mini-survey, we know already that laser diffraction is a commonly used analytical method for soil PSD determination in scientific environmental studies that involve soils. A body of literature has documented that colloid-sized fraction results obtained by laser diffraction analysis of fine-textured soil samples are not comparable to those obtained with sedimentation and sieving methods, when translating to the traditional particle size limits clay, silt and sand. Also, operating procedures for pretreatment of soil samples are variable, and the analyzed sample volumes are small, adding to uncertainty. In this study we first compared PSD’s from three different instruments for a set of soil samples to study reproducibility using the analytical operating procedures developed by the owner institutions (Malvern Mastersizer 2000, University of Copenhagen, Coulter LS230, University of Helsinki, and Sympatec Helos, Aarhus University). Secondly, we compared the influence of 1 mm sieving and found decreased fraction standard deviation and improved repeatability of the PSD determination by laser diffraction on the Coulter LS230. 1 mm sieving should be corrected for if the mass is more than a few percent, but depending on study purpose. Thirdly, the laser diffraction PSD’s were compared with PSD’s obtained by sieving and hydrometer analysis showing well-known underestimation of colloids and fine fractions, that increased with colloid content. We conclude that PSD’s obtained by the laser diffraction method are repeatable and mostly reproducible given standardised pretreatment. Translation to texture class using traditional separates does not work well, and more work and new PTF’s for soils are needed that can translate a laser diffraction PSD into a texture class and its associated physical properties for further use in modeling studies.
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Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg O. Janne Kjønaas Kjersti Holt Hanssen Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Hugh Cross Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen Ari Hietala O. Janne Kjønaas Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Ingvald Røsberg Silje SkårSammendrag
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Elena Iordanova Vanguelova Eleonora Bonifacio Bruno de Vos Marcel R. Hoosbeek Torsten W. Berger Lars Vesterdal Kȩstutis E. Armolaitis Luisella Celi Lucian Constantin Dincǎ O. Janne Kjønaas Pavel Pavlenda Jukka Pumpanen Ülle Püttsepp Brian Reidy Primož Simončič Brian Tobin Miglena ZhiyanskiSammendrag
Spatially explicit knowledge of recent and past soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in forests will improve our understanding of the effect of human- and non-human-induced changes on forest C fluxes. For SOC accounting, a minimum detectable difference must be defined in order to adequately determine temporal changes and spatial differences in SOC. This requires sufficiently detailed data to predict SOC stocks at appropriate scales within the required accuracy so that only significant changes are accounted for. When designing sampling campaigns, taking into account factors influencing SOC spatial and temporal distribution (such as soil type, topography, climate and vegetation) are needed to optimise sampling depths and numbers of samples, thereby ensuring that samples accurately reflect the distribution of SOC at a site. Furthermore, the appropriate scales related to the research question need to be defined: profile, plot, forests, catchment, national or wider. Scaling up SOC stocks from point sample to landscape unit is challenging, and thus requires reliable baseline data. Knowledge of the associated uncertainties related to SOC measures at each particular scale and how to reduce them is crucial for assessing SOC stocks with the highest possible accuracy at each scale. This review identifies where potential sources of errors and uncertainties related to forest SOC stock estimation occur at five different scales—sample, profile, plot, landscape/regional and European. Recommendations are also provided on how to reduce forest SOC uncertainties and increase efficiency of SOC assessment at each scale.
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Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg O. Janne Kjønaas Kjersti Holt Hanssen Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
Whole-tree harvest (WTH), i.e. harvesting of forest residues (twigs, branches and crown tops) in addition to stems, for bioenergy purposes may lead to biodiversity loss and changes in species composition in forest ground vegetation, which in turn also will affect soil properties. Effects of clear-cut harvesting on ground vegetation have been investigated at two Norway spruce sites in southern east and western Norway, respectively, differing in climate and topography. Experimental plots at these two sites were either harvested conventionally (stem-only harvest, SOH), leaving harvest residues spread on the site,or WTH was carried out, with the residues collected into piles at the site for six - nine months prior to removal. Vegetation plots in the eastern site were established and analysed before WTH and SOH in 2008 and reanalysed after harvesting in 2010, 2012 and 2014. In the western site vegetation plots were established before WTH and SOH in 2010 and reanalysed after harvesting in 2012 and 2014 (and planned for 2016). All vegetation plots are permanently marked. Pre-as well as post-harvesting species abundances of all species in each vegetation plot were each time recorded as percentage cover (vertical projection) and subplot frequency. Environmental variables (topographical, soil physical, soil chemical, and tree variables) were recorded only once; before WTH and SOH. Effec ts of WTH and SOH on ground vegetation biodiversity and cover are presented.
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Nicholas Clarke Per Gundersen Ulrika Jönsson-Belyazid O. Janne Kjønaas Tryggve Persson Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Inge Stupak Lars VesterdalSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Per Gundersen Ulrika Jönsson-Belyazid O. Janne Kjønaas Tryggve Persson Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Inge Stupak Lars VesterdalSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Per Gundersen Ulrika Jönsson-Belyazid O. Janne Kjønaas Tryggve Persson Bjarni Diðrik Sigurðsson Inge Stupak Lars VesterdalSammendrag
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Lise Dalsgaard Aksel Granhus Gunnhild Søgaard Kjell Andreassen Isabella Børja Nicholas Clarke O. Janne Kjønaas Jogeir N. StoklandSammendrag
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Sammendrag
The aim of this paper is to evaluate relationships between decomposition rates of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta) needle litter in the late stage of decomposition (>30% accumulated mass loss), and the progressively changing concentrations of manganese (Mn), nitrogen (N), and acid unhydrolyzable residue (AUR), as well as mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP). Using available long-term decomposition studies on pine needle litter in a climate gradient in Sweden, we calculated annual mass loss and related to concentrations of Mn, N, and AUR at the start of each one-year period as well as to MAT and MAP. We investigated these relationships for (i) all data on annual mass loss combined and (ii) annual mass loss for five different decomposition categories as defined by accumulated mass loss. We found highly significant, negative, and dominant relationships between annual mass loss and N (R2 = 0.39) and AUR (R2 = 0.39), a slight but significant positive relationship to Mn (R2 = 0.08) and a significant negative relationship to MAT (R2 = 0.06). The relationships were dynamic, and changed with accumulated mass loss. The rate-dampening effect of N decreased to be a rate-enhancing effect at c. 60–80% accumulated mass loss. A similar trend was found for AUR, becoming rate-enhancing at 70–80% accumulated mass loss. For Scots pine needle litter the effect of MAT on mass loss decreased with increasing accumulated mass loss and changed to a rate-dampening effect at c. 50–70% accumulated mass loss. Mn showed a stimulating effect on mass loss rate in all categories whereas MAP showed no effect in this mainly boreal climatic gradient. The current approach indicates a method for detailed studies of rate-regulating factors for litter decomposition.
Forfattere
O. Janne Kjønaas Nicholas Clark Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Ari Hietala Hugh Cross Kjersti Holt Hansen Tonje Ingeborg Økland Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Ingvald RøsbergSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Ari Hietala Hugh Cross Kjersti Holt Hanssen Tonje Ingeborg Økland Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Ingvald RøsbergSammendrag
Tree harvest and different harvesting methods may affect the soil carbon (C) pool in forest ecosystems. In con- ventional stem-only timber harvesting (SOH), branches and tops that are left in the forests may contribute to the build-up of the soil carbon pool. In whole-tree harvesting (WTH), inputs of organic matter from branches and tops are strongly reduced. We established field experiments at Gaupen, SE and Vindberg, SW Norway, to study the short-term effects of SOH and WTH on processes affecting the accumulation and loss of soil C. Logging residues on the WTH plots were collected in piles that were removed after 6 months, rendering two sub treatments (WTH- pile and WTH-removal areas). We weighed selected trees and logging residues, surveyed understorey biomass production, quantified pre-harvest soil C and nutrient pools down to 30 cm. Soil respiration was measured and soil water sampled monthly during the growing season, while temperature and moisture were measured continuously. Organic and mineral horizons were incubated at different temperatures to estimate potential C and N mineraliza- tion, and deep sequencing of the ITS2 barcode region of fungal DNA was performed on the samples. Litterbags were deployed in the SOH plots. The logging residues amounted to 2.2-2.4 kg C m-2 At Gaupen, the mean in situ soil respiration rates increased following harvest with all treatments, but were significantly higher in WTH-pile and SOH relative to the WTH- removal areas in the first year as well as the fourth year of treatment. The former rates included aboveground decomposing needles and twigs but excluded coarser branches. The observed increase in the WTH-removal areas may be related to decomposing roots, as well as to increased C mineralization partly due to the higher soil tem- peratures following harvest. Soil temperature was the single most important factor explaining the variability in soil respiration rates over all treatments. At Vindberg, a decrease in soil respiration was observed with all treatments in the second and third years following harvest. At both sites, decomposition of logging residues from needles was more rapid relative to twigs and fine roots. The decomposing residues released a substantial amount of nitrogen which was gradually reflected in the soil water at 30 cm soil depth. A considerable increase in the NO3-N concen- tration also in the WTH-removal areas in the second year following harvest suggests an increase in N availability from decomposing fine roots and/or soil organic matter. The increased N availability in the WTH-removal areas was supported by results from short term lab incubations of undisturbed soil from the forest floor. The changes in the WTH-removal areas were also reflected in the soil fungal diversity: saprophytic ascomycetes on decaying plant material showed a striking increase in all treatments. For the WTH-removal areas, this may, again, be related to the increased input of root litter; however, the decrease in mycorrhizal basidiomycete species and the vigorous increase of ascomycetes following harvest may also affect the C mineralization of soil organic matter.
Forfattere
Lars Vesterdal Nicholas Clarke Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Helena M Stefánsdóttir O. Janne Kjønaas Per Gundersen Inge Stupak Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Lars Pødenphant KiærSammendrag
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Holger Lange Lise Dalsgaard Signe Kynding Borgen O. Janne Kjønaas Ingeborg Callesen Jari Liski Line Tau StrandSammendrag
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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Per Gundersen Shimon Ozeri Ginzburg Lars Vesterdal Teresa Gómez de la Bárcena Bjarni D. Sigurdsson Helena M Stefánsdóttir Edda S Oddsdottir Nicholas Clarke O. Janne Kjønaas Tryggve Persson Göran Ågren Bengt Olsson Mats Fröberg Erik Karltun Riitta Hyvönen Olsson Cecilia Akselsson Per Bengtsson Salim Belyazid Håkan Wallander Andis Lazdins Zane Libiete Dagnija LazdinaSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset O. Janne Kjønaas Tonje Ingeborg Økland Kjersti Holt Hanssen Wenche Aas Trine Aulstad Sogn Kjell Andreassen Susanne Eich-Greatorex Helja-Sisko Helmisaari Ari Hietala Erik Eid Hohle Staffan Jacobson Holger Lange Jørn Frode Nordbakken Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen Ingvald Røsberg Silje Skår Volkmar Timmermann Andreas TutturenSammendrag
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Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg O. Janne Kjønaas Nicholas Clarke Kjersti Holt HanssenSammendrag
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Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg O. Janne Kjønaas Kjersti Holt Hanssen Nicholas ClarkeSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen Ari Hietala O. Janne Kjønaas Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Ingvald RøsbergSammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen Ari Hietala O. Janne Kjønaas Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Ingvald RøsbergSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen Ari Hietala Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Tonje Ingeborg Økland Ingvald RøsbergSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Ari Hietala Hugh Cross Tonje Ingeborg Økland Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg Kjersti Holt HanssenSammendrag
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Holger Lange Lise Dalsgaard Signe Kynding Borgen Silje Skår O. Janne Kjønaas Kjell AndreassenSammendrag
Reliable methods are required to predict changes in soil carbon stocks. Process-based models often require many parameters which are largely unconstrained by observations. This induces uncertainties which are best met by using repeated measurements from the same sites. Here, we compare two carbon models, Yasso07 and Romul, in their ability to reproduce a set of field observations in Norway. The models are different in the level of process representation, structure, initialization requirements and calibration- and parameterization strategy. Field sites represent contrasting tree species, mixture and soil types. The number of repetitions of C measurements varies from 2 to 6 over a period of up to 35 years, and for some of the sites, which are part of long-term monitoring programs, plenty of auxiliary information is available. These reduce the danger of overparametrization and provide a stringent testbed for the two models. Focus is on the model intercomparison, using identical site descriptions to the extent possible, but another important aspect is the upscaling of model results to the regional or national scale, utilizing the Norwegian forest inventory system. We suggest that a proper uncertainty assessment of soil C stocks and changes has to include at least two (and preferably more) parametrized models.
Forfattere
Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen O. Janne Kjønaas Holger Lange Jørn-Frode Nordbakken Ingvald Røsberg Tonje Ingeborg ØklandSammendrag
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Sammendrag
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Nicholas Clarke Toril Drabløs Eldhuset O. Janne Kjønaas Tonje Ingeborg Økland Kjersti Holt Hanssen Wenche Aas Trine Aulstad Sogn Kjell Andreassen Susanne Eich-Greatorex Helja-Sisko Helmisaari Ari Hietala Erik Eid Hohle Staffan Jacobson Holger Lange Jørn Frode Nordbakken Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen Ingvald Røsberg Silje Skår Volkmar Timmermann Andreas TutturenSammendrag
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Isabella Børja Nicholas Clarke Kjersti Holt Hanssen O. Janne Kjønaas Holger Lange Ingvald Røsberg Tonje Ingeborg ØklandSammendrag
Hogstavfall er nøkkelen til økt satsing på bioenergi i Norge. Men vil dette påvirke bærekraften i skogøkosystemet og skogproduksjonen? Blir skogsjorda mer næringsfattig? Endres sammensetningen av arter i vegetasjonen? Vil artsmangfoldet bli redusert? Blir det mindre av de soppene som bryter ned planterester? Dette er noen av spørsmålene vi prøver å besvare gjennom prosjektet «Økologiske virkninger av økt biomasseuttak fra skog i Norge» (ECOBREM), som varer fra 2009 til 2013.
Forfattere
Holger Lange Nicholas Clarke O. Janne Kjønaas Wenche Aas Kjell Andreassen Rasmus Astrup Susanne Eich-Greatorex Toril Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hanssen Tonje Ingeborg Økland Ingvald Røsberg Trine A SognSammendrag
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Holger Lange Nicholas Clarke O. Janne Kjønaas Wenche Aas Kjell Andreassen Isabella Børja Harald Bratli Susanne Eich-Greatorex Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Kjersti Holt Hansen Tonje Ingeborg Økland Ingvald Røsberg Trine Aulstad Sogn Volkmar TimmermannSammendrag
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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Per Gundersen Bjørn Berg W. S. Currie N. B. Dise B. A. Emmett V. Gauci M. Holmberg O. Janne Kjønaas J. Mol-Dijkstra C. van der Salm I. K. Schmidt A. Tietema W. W. Wessel Live Semb Vestgarden C. Akselsson W. De Vries M. Forsius H. Kros Egbert Matzner Filip Moldan K. J. Nadelhoffer L.-O. Nilsson G. J. Reinds U. Rosengren Arne O. Stuanes Richard WrightSammendrag
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Carl-Magnus Mörth Peter Torssander O. Janne Kjønaas Arne O. Stuanes Filip Moldan Reiner GieslerSammendrag
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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O. Janne Kjønaas Harald Aalde Lars Sandved Dalen Helen Agnes de Wit Toril Drabløs Eldhuset Bernt-Håvard ØyenSammendrag
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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O. Janne KjønaasSammendrag
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Knute J. Nadelhoffer Bridget A. Emmett Per Gundersen O. Janne Kjønaas Chris J. Koopmans Patrick Schleppi Albert Tietema Richard F. WrightSammendrag
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Bridget A. Emmett O. Janne Kjønaas Per Gundersen Chris J. Koopmans Albert Tietema D. SleepSammendrag
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Bridget Emmett D Boxman Michael Bredemeier Per Gundersen O. Janne Kjønaas Filip Moldan Patrick Schleppi Albert Tietema Richard F. WrightSammendrag
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Andries W. Boxman Kai Blanck Tor Erik Brandrud B. A. Emmett Per Gundersen Rene F. Hogervorst O. Janne Kjønaas Hans Persson Volkmar TimmermannSammendrag
Enhancement of the atmospheric N deposition is a serious threat for the structure and function of ecosystems. Here we evaluate the ecological effects of excess N with respect to changes in vegetation and soil biota in a series of experiments along a N gradient across Europe. The aim of this project (NITREX: N saturation EXperiments) is to assess the risk of N saturation and the reversibility of N saturation. At the experimental sites with a low-to-moderate input, N was added (n = 3), while at sites with a high input, N was removed by means of a transparent roof (n = 4). The experiments started between 1989 and 1991. Across the N gradient a positive correlation was found between the N concentration in deposition or soil solution with the N concentration in the needles and in general a negative correlation with the base cations K and Mg. In the N-addition plots there was a tendency towards a decreasing nutrient status of the needles, whereas at one site N-removal led to an improvement. Addition of N hardly affected fine-root biomass production, whereas signs of growth increase were recorded when the input was reduced. Tree growth was accelerated upon input reduction at two of three sites. Manipulation of N input did not alter the decomposition rate, although significant differences between sites were noted. Manipulation of the N input hardly affected the biomass of fungi and bacteria, but a negative relation between the N-addition and part of the soil fauna may be present among sites.
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A. Tietema C. Beier P. H. B. deVisser B. A. Emmett P. Gundersen O. Janne Kjønaas C. J. KoopmansSammendrag
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Richard F. Wright J.G.M. Roelofs M. Bredemeier K.. Blanck A.W. Boxman Bridget, A. Emmett Per Gundersen Hans Hultberg O. Janne Kjønaas Filip Moldan Albert Tietema Nico Van Breemen H.F.G. van DijkSammendrag
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Albert Tietema Richard F. Wright K.. Blanck A.W. Boxman M. Bredemeier Bridget A. Emmett Per Gundersen Hans Hultberg O. Janne Kjønaas Filip Moldan J.G.M. Roelofs Patrick Schleppi Arne O. Stuanes Nico Van BreemenSammendrag
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Divisjon for skog og utmark
EcoForest - Forestry effects on biodiversity, carbon stocks and ecological processes in mature boreal forests
Formålet med prosjektet er å fremskaffe kunnskap knyttet til langsiktige effekter av skogskjøtsel på biodiversitet, karbonlagre og økologiske prosesser.
Divisjon for skog og utmark
PLATON - Et samfunnsfaglig klimaforskningsprosjekt