Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2025
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Authors
Irena FundovaAbstract
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Tore SkrøppaAbstract
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Food waste collection in Norway is mostly done using plastic bags, made either of polyethylene or, more recently, of biodegradable plastics, which are materials that can be degraded by microorganisms under certain environmental conditions and time frames. Most of the biodegradable plastic bags used in Norway for food waste collection are labelled as compostable, i.e. degradable under composting conditions, but end up in biogas plants and only rarely in composting plants. The present work provides answers to the following questions. First, to what extent are biodegradable plastic bags deteriorated during anaerobic digestion of food waste. Secondly, is the situation different under mesophilic (37°C) and thermophilic (55°C) conditions. Finally, does thermal hydrolysis (THP) pretreatment of food waste containing biodegradable plastic change the results. In tests offering optimal conditions for microorganisms involved in anaerobic digestion, limited deterioration of biodegradable plastics (Mater-Bi® certified as compostable under industrial (ICP) and home (HCP) composting conditions, representative of what is used in Norway for food waste collection for biogas production) was observed, as shown by limited mass loss (14-21 % for ICP and 22-33 % for HCP) and limited changes in the chemical composition after 22 d, a relevant hydraulic retention time for industrial biogas plant operations. Higher mass loss was observed under thermophilic conditions compared to mesophilic conditions. The effect of THP pretreatment of food waste containing biodegradable plastics offered unexpected results: while a small, non-significant increase in mass loss was observed for ICP, THP led to a significantly reduced mass loss for HCP during anaerobic digestion. The biogas process itself was not significantly affected by ICP and HCP present in food waste at a 4 % plastic to food waste ratio. The present research shows that the majority (79-86 % of ICP and 67-78 % of HCP) of biodegradable plastic residues left after initial pretreatment of food waste, will withstand anaerobic conditions, both under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, also when subjected to THP pretreatment (5 bars, 160°C, 20 min). This strongly suggests that post-treatment of digestate is required to avoid the spread of biodegradable plastics to agricultural soils, for digestates intended for agricultural use.
Authors
Chala Adugna Kufa Afework Bekele Anagaw Atickem Desalegn Chala Diress Tsegaye Torbjørn Ergon Nils Christian Stenseth Dietmar ZinnerAbstract
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Abstract
Urban green structures (UGS) play important roles in enhancing urban ecosystems by providing benefits such as mitigating the urban heat island effect, improving air quality, supporting biodiversity, and aiding in stormwater management. Accurately mapping UGS is important for sustainable urban planning and management. Traditional methods of mapping such as manual mapping, aerial photography interpretation and pixel-based classification have limitations in terms of coverage, accuracy, and efficiency. Object-based image analysis (OBIA) has gained prominence due to its ability to incorporate both spectral and spatial information making it particularly effective for classification of high-resolution satellite data. This paper reviews the application of OBIA on satellite images for UGS mapping, focusing on various data sources, popular segmentation methods, and classification techniques, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. Key segmentation methodologies discussed include multi-resolution segmentation and watershed segmentation. For classification, the review covers machine learning techniques such as random forests, support vector machines, and convolutional neural networks, among others. Several case studies highlight the successful implementation of OBIA in diverse urban environments by demonstrating improvements in classification accuracy and detail. The review also addresses the challenges associated with OBIA, such as dealing with heterogenous urban landscapes, data sources and with OBIA methods itself. Future directions for UGS mapping include the integration of deep learning algorithms, advancements in satellite data technologies, and the development of standardized classification frameworks. By providing a detailed analysis of the current state-of-the-art in object-based UGS mapping, this review aims to guide future research and practical applications in UGS management.
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Céline ReboursAbstract
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Authors
Carmen Rizzo Gabriella Caruso Giovanna Maimone Luisa Patrolecco Marco Termine Marco Bertolino Stefania Giannarelli Alessandro Ciro Rappazzo Josef Elster Alessio Lena Maria Papale Tanita Pescatore Jasmin Rauseo Rosamaria Soldano Francesca Spataro Paul Eric Aspholm Maurizio Azzaro Angelina Lo GiudiceAbstract
No abstract has been registered