Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2012
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Tore SkrøppaAbstract
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Christian Uhlig Christian Guido BrucknerAbstract
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Christian Guido Bruckner Christian UhligAbstract
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Harri Kaartinen Juha Hyyppa Xiaowei Yu Mikko Vastaranta Hannu Hyyppa Antero Kukko Markus Holopainen Christian Heipke Manuela Hirschmugl Felix Morsdorf Erik Næsset Juho Pitkanen Sorin Popescu Svein Solberg Bernd Michael Wolf Jee-Cheng WuAbstract
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Abstract
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors citalopram, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine and fluoxetine have been investigated in 10 l anaerobic lab-scale digesters with continuous stirring and mesophilic conditions at 37 °C to investigate whether they would be reduced or accumulated in sewage sludge depending on whether the bacteria present were able to use the SSRIs as a carbon source or not. The total SSRI concentration had a significant reduction in concentration during the anaerobic treatment process from theoretically 0.58 mg/l to 0.21 mg/l after 17 days. However, large differences in the reduction of the different compounds were found. Paroxetine and citalopram were found to be almost completely reduced at day 24 with reductions of 85% (citalopram) and 98% (paroxetine). Reductions of 32% (fluoxetine), 53% (fluvoxamine) and 38% (sertraline) indicate that these three compounds have a higher potential for accumulation. None metabolites of these compounds were found in the samples.
Authors
Klaus MittenzweiAbstract
The Norwegian Direct Payment Register (PTR) is a database covering all units that claim direct payments on the basis of eligible animals and acreage. As almost all farms apply for payments and as almost all animal and crop production activities are eligible for various kinds of direct payments, the database represents an unique tool to analyse farm structural change. This paper contains a detailed description of the database and presents some possible venues to conduct such research.
Authors
Aytac ErdemirAbstract
This study examines the comparative performance of the call and put implied volatility (IV) of at-the-money European-style SPX Index Options on the S&P 500 Price Index as a precursor to the ex-post realized volatility. The results confirm that implied volatility contains valuable information regarding the ex-post realized volatility during the last decade for the S&P 500 market. The empirical findings also indicate that the put implied volatility has a higher forecast performance. Furthermore, from the wavelet estimations it has been concluded that the long-run variation of the implied volatility is consistent and unbiased in explaining the long-run variations of the ex-post realized volatility. Wavelet estimations further reveal that in the long-run put and call implied volatility contain comparable information regarding the realized volatility of the market. However, in the short-run put implied volatility dynamics have better predictive ability.
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of anatomical and ecological aspects of resin-based defences in pines and contrasts the defence strategy of pines with that of other conifers. The main constituents of conifer resin are mono- and diterpenes in about equal amounts, with smaller amounts of sesquiterpenes. Resin production and storage represent a great cost for the trees, and because resin is both chemically toxic and physically deterring to insects and pathogens it has long been considered an important defence mechanism in conifers. Preformed or constitutive resin structures are present in pines and all other members of the pine family, but are generally absent in non-Pinaceae species. Resin stored under pressure in constitutive ducts flows out when a tree is injured and helps trapping or repelling invading organisms and sealing the wound. Pines have constitutive resin ducts in needles, phloem and xylem. In the phloem and xylem constitutive resin ducts are oriented both radially (within the radial rays) and axially in the form of cortical resin ducts in the outer phloem and constitutive resin ducts in the xylem. Numerous connections between the radial resin ducts and the axial resin ducts in the xylem create a large inter-connected resin reservoir. In addition, so-called traumatic resin ducts can be induced axially in the xylem in response to wounding, insect attack or other biotic and abiotic stresses. Traumatic resin ducts may contribute to so-called acquired or systemic induced resistance that increases tree resistance to future attacks.