Publications
NIBIOs employees contribute to several hundred scientific articles and research reports every year. You can browse or search in our collection which contains references and links to these publications as well as other research and dissemination activities. The collection is continously updated with new and historical material.
2007
Authors
Lars T. HavstadAbstract
Different methods of straw residue management were evaluated in field trials with seed crops of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) in SE Norway during 2000-2005. Compared to straw removal, which up to now has been the most common straw management practice in seed production of the two species, straw chopping and spreading at the back of the combiner during seed harvest did not reduce seed yield in the following year when stubble height was kept at a low level (preferably less than 10 cm). However, in order for newly developed tillers to rapidly penetrate the straw layer in autumn, the chopped straw had to be spread uniformly in the field. The experiments did not provide any support for an extra input of nitrogen in autumn, either in timothy or meadow fescue, when the straw was chopped rather than removed. In both species, also burning of straw and stubble soon after seed harvest was an efficient and fast clean-up method in the field after harvest. However, due to problems with smoke emission, especially near traffic roads and populated areas, field burning is not recommended as a preferable straw management method.
Authors
Arne Fjellberg Per Holm Nygaard Odd Egil StabbetorpAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Abstract
Empirical evidence that the N dissipation from dairy production depends tightly on the segregation of animals from plant production is provided
Abstract
Empirical evidence that the N dissipation from dairy production depends tightly on the segregation of animals from plant production is provided
Authors
Solveig Haukeland Arild AndersenAbstract
Preliminary results from a Norwegian project performed 2005-2008 was presented. It includes identifying the geographical distribution and life cycle of the species in Norway, testing different methods for control in private gardens, and evaluating the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. Foreløpige resultater fra et norsk forskningsprosjekt 2005-2008 ble presentert. Det inkluderer utbredelse og livssyklus i Norge, utprøving av ulike bekjempingsmetoder i privathager, og evaluering av nematoden Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.
Authors
Christer Magnusson Karl Thunes Hans Nyeggen Hans Overgaard Trond Rafoss Solveig Haukeland May Bente Brurberg K. A. Strandenæs Bjørn Økland Bonsak HammeraasAbstract
The detection in 1999 of the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in Portugal triggered survey activities in many European countries. With the assumption that PWN would reach frequency 10 times lower than the native B. mucronatus and the requirement of a 95 % confidence limit suggested 2 995 samples to be required for a safe statement on the absence of PWN from the territory surveyed. Samples were taken from 10 circular areas with 50 km diameter erected from a point of import of risk materials. In the period 2000-2006 3 165 wood samples, 2 880 from Pinus sylvestris, 279 from Picea abies and 6 from unknown wood, were collected from 446 logging sites, in 84 municipalities and 13 counties. Of the total material 85 % of the samples came from cutting wastes, timber or lying trees. Wood showing signs of insect activity (incl. Monochamus) formed 73 % of the total material. Nematodes were recorded in 85 % of the samples. The order Rhabditida was most frequent, followed by the orders Aphelenchida, Tylenchida and Dorylaimida. Rhabditid nematodes were equally frequent in pine and spruce, while Aphelenchida (Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Cryptaphelenchus, Seinura and Bursaphelenchus) and Tylenchida (Filenchus, Lelenchus, Ditylenchus, Deladenus and Nothotylenchus) tended to be more common in pinewood. Aphelenchoides was the most common genus. The genus Bursaphelenchus occurred in 1 % of the samples. B. mucronatus was detected in 0,3 % of the samples and most often in cutting waste of pine. The pine wood nematode (PWN), B. xylophilus, was not detected in this survey. The unexpected low natural occurrence of B. mucronatus indicates that the number of potential niches for PWN also is lower than expected, and hence it will be necessary to continue this surveillance program to reach 10 000 samples. The present zone sites in central and south-eastern Norway will be supplemented with 1-2 zone sites in southwestern region of the country. In the future these zone sites will function as permanent observation areas. Care will also be taken to collect all samples from detached wood with signs of Monochamus activity.
Authors
Sissel Hansen Marina Azzaroli Bleken Anne-Kristin Løes Espen Govasmark Anne Falk Øgaard Tor Arvid BrelandAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Sissel Hansen Marina Azzaroli Bleken Anne-Kristin Løes Espen Govasmark Anne Falk Øgaard Tor Arvid BrelandAbstract
No abstract has been registered
Authors
Inge Stupak Antti Asikainen M Jonsell E Karltun Anders Lunnan Nicholas ClarkeAbstract
The substitution of fossil fuels by biomass in energy consumption is a measure to decrease the emission of greenhouse gases and thereby mitigate global warming. An increased use of wood-based biomass for energy can also, if well managed, enhance the socioeconomic benefits from forests, particularly for small forest owners substituting purchased energy resources with their own wood fuels. At both European and national levels, political plans exist for an increased use of forest biomass for energy. However, the potential negative impact on the forest ecosystem and the surrounding environment due to an increased utilisation of wood-based biomass for energy needs also to be considered. The increased use of wood-based biomass must be fully in accordance with the principles of sustainable forest management, for example as outlined by the pan-European Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe.
Abstract
The substitution of biomass for fossil fuels in energy consumption is a measure to mitigate global warming, as well as having other advantages. Political action plans for increased use exist at both European and national levels. This paper briefly reviews the contents of recommendations, guidelines, and other synthesis publications on sustainable use of forest biomass for energy. Topics are listed and an overview of advantages, disadvantages, and trade-offs between them is given, from the viewpoint of society in general and the forestry and energy sectors in particular. For the Nordic and Baltic countries, the paper also identifies the extent to which wood for energy is included in forest legislation and forest certification standards under the ?Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification? (PEFC) and the ?Forest Stewardship Council? (FSC) schemes. Energy and forest policies at EU and national levels, and European PEFC forest standards are analysed. With respect to energy policies, the utilisation of wood for energy is generally supported in forest policies, but forest legislation is seldom used as a direct tool to encourage the utilisation of wood for energy. Regulations sometimes restrict use for environmental reasons. Forest certification standards include indicators directly related to the utilisation of wood for energy under several criteria, with most occurrences found under environmental criteria. Roles and problems in relation to policy, legislation, certification standards, recommendations and guidelines, and science are discussed.